Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular System
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of cardiac muscle cells in the heart?

  • To generate electrical impulses
  • To conduct electrical impulses rapidly
  • To regulate heart rate
  • To contract and pump blood (correct)

    • What is the term for the amount of blood ejected from the ventricle to the whole body in one minute?

  • Cardiac input
  • Cardiac output (correct)
  • Stroke volume
  • Heart rate

    • Which of the following factors does not affect preload?

  • Afterload
  • Contractility of the heart
  • Venous return to the heart
  • Heart rate (correct)

    • What is the term for the resistance to forward blood flow by the vessel walls?

    <p>Afterload</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of cardiac electrical cells (pacemaker cells) in the heart?

    <p>To generate and conduct impulses rapidly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the number of contractions of the heart per minute?

    <p>Heart rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in industrialized countries?

    <p>Hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a rapid rise in blood pressure that does not damage organs?

    <p>Hypertensive urgency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for high blood pressure that develops for the first time during pregnancy?

    <p>Gestational hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for high blood pressure and signs of damage to other organ systems that develop after 20 weeks of pregnancy?

    <p>Preeclampsia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the complication of diabetes that can lead to high blood pressure?

    <p>Narrowing of blood vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the test used to evaluate the heart and detect irregular heartbeats?

    <p>Electrocardiogram (ECG)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the baroreceptors in the autonomic regulation of heart function?

    <p>To sense the change in arterial pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of high potassium levels on cardiac cells?

    <p>Irregular firing of cardiac cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a factor that contributes to arterial blood pressure?

    <p>Elasticity of arterial walls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of adrenaline on the heart?

    <p>Increase in contractility of the ventricles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equation that represents the relationship between blood pressure and cardiac output?

    <p>BP = CO x TPR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a component of the venous system?

    <p>Capillary beds to heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of hypertension in terms of blood pressure?

    <p>Blood pressure often at or above 140/90 mmHg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of primary hypertension?

    <p>Thyroid dysfunction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the complex hormonal system that regulates blood pressure and water balance?

    <p>Renin-angiotensin system (RAS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many readings are required to diagnose hypertension?

    <p>The average of two or more readings at each of two or more clinical encounters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NOT a risk factor for hypertension?

    <p>Age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the system that regulates blood pressure and water balance?

    <p>Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most severe complication of untreated severe preeclampsia?

    <p>Eclampsia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What lifestyle modification is specifically recommended for Mary Jones to reduce her blood pressure?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What medication class is used to treat hypertension and is also known as Sympatholytic?

    <p>Beta-blockers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why Mary Jones' doctor is concerned about her blood pressure?

    <p>Her high blood pressure readings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most likely diagnosis for Mary Jones based on her blood pressure readings and lifestyle?

    <p>Stage 1 hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of adequate sleep for Mary Jones' hypertension management?

    <p>Lowers blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Pathophysiology of the Cardiovascular System

    • Hypertension is a primary risk factor for cardiovascular disease and mortality in industrialized nations.
    • Complications of hypertension include hypertensive urgencies/emergencies and diabetic hypertension.
    • Types of circulations: Pulmonary, Systemic, and Coronary.

    Heart Circulations

    • Pulmonary Circuit: Carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs.
    • Systemic Circuit: Transports oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body.
    • Coronary Circuit: Supplies blood to the heart muscle itself.

    Types of Cells in the Heart

    • Cardiac Electrical Cells (Pacemaker Cells): Generate and conduct electrical impulses; include SA and AV nodes.
    • Cardiac Muscle Cells (Myocardial Cells): Responsible for contraction; contractile properties.

    Cardiac Cycle and Function

    • Cardiac Output (CO): Volume of blood ejected from the ventricle to the body per minute.
    • Preload: The amount of blood in the ventricle before contraction; influenced by venous return.
    • Afterload: Resistance the heart faces when pumping blood.
    • Heart Rate (HR): Number of heartbeats per minute.
    • Stroke Volume (SV): Blood volume pumped from the left ventricle per beat.

    Cardiac Feedback Loops

    • Physical Exam Symptoms: Headaches, dizziness, blurred vision, palpitations, chest pain, and difficulty breathing.
    • Laboratory tests for cardiac evaluation include ECG and exercise tolerance tests.

    Complications of Hypertension

    • Classified into hypertensive urgency (non-organ damage) and hypertensive emergency (organ damage).
    • Diabetic Hypertension: Common in individuals with diabetes; results from blood vessel damage.
    • Gestational Hypertension: Develops post-20 weeks of pregnancy; can evolve into preeclampsia, impacting organ systems.

    Autonomic Regulation of Heart Function

    • Medulla: Controls heart function via sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
    • Baroreceptors sense arterial pressure changes; chemoreceptors detect changes in blood gases.

    Chemical Factors Influencing Heart Function

    • Hormones: Adrenaline increases cardiac contractility and conduction speed.
    • Electrolytes: Calcium and potassium levels influence heart cell firing rates and contraction strength.

    The Vascular System

    • Comprises arterial and venous systems, facilitating blood flow throughout the body.
    • Arterial System: Moves blood away from the heart.
    • Venous System: Returns blood from capillary beds to the heart.

    Blood Pressure Regulation

    • Formula: Blood Pressure (BP) = Cardiac Output (CO) × Total Peripheral Resistance (TPR).
    • Factors affecting blood pressure include cardiac pump efficiency, blood volume, and arterial wall elasticity.

    Types and Stages of Hypertension

    • Primary Hypertension: Often caused by renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system abnormalities and high sodium intake.
    • Secondary Hypertension: Related to underlying conditions like thyroid dysfunction, diabetes, and certain medications.

    Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS)

    • Regulates blood pressure and fluid balance; crucial for maintaining circulatory homeostasis.

    Diagnosis and Management of Hypertension

    • Diagnosis requires multiple BP readings and consideration of medical history and family history.
    • Management strategies include lifestyle modifications (diet, exercise, smoking cessation) and medications (ACE inhibitors, diuretics).

    Case Study: Mary Jones

    • Symptoms: Occasional headaches, fatigue, and elevated blood pressure (150/90 mmHg).
    • History: Smoker, family history of hypertension; exhibits signs of stage 1 hypertension based on BP readings.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the pathophysiology of the cardiovascular system, including the heart's electrical cells, muscle cells, and circulatory paths. Learn about the pulmonary, systemic, and coronary circuits and how they function. Get ready to test your knowledge!

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