Pathophysiology Exam 3 Review

A range of pH values that maintain normal cellular function, from slightly acidic to slightly alkaline.

The process of cells dividing and increasing in number.

The process of cells becoming specialized and taking on specific functions.

An abnormal mass of cells that grows uncontrollably and lacks a normal function.

The process by which normal cells transform into cancerous cells.

Changes in DNA sequence that can lead to cancer, caused by environmental factors or errors in DNA replication.

Factors that increase the risk of developing cancer, such as smoking, radiation, and certain chemicals.

A group of disorders characterized by uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells.

The functional unit of the kidney, responsible for filtering blood and producing urine.

The process of the body eliminating waste products, primarily through urine and feces.

The way a cell responds to a harmful or stressful environment.

A protective response by the body to injury or infection, involving redness, swelling, heat, and pain. It helps to remove the cause of injury and initiate healing.

The process by which damaged or dead tissue is replaced with new tissue.

The body's defense against infection and disease, involving specialized cells and molecules that identify and destroy harmful invaders.

The process by which pathogens enter the body and cause infection.

The body's reaction to infection, involving a range of symptoms like fever, pain, fatigue, and inflammation.

The study of how disease processes affect the normal functioning of the body.

The outward signs and symptoms of a disease that a doctor can observe or measure.

Medical tests used to diagnose and monitor a disease. They can include blood tests, imaging scans, and biopsies.

Treatments aimed at managing or curing a disease. It can include medications, surgery, therapy, and lifestyle changes.

A condition where the body's blood sugar levels are consistently higher than normal. It can cause a wide range of complications.

Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease where the body attacks and destroys the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. This leads to an inability to produce insulin, and therefore, the body can't regulate blood sugar.

The pancreas can't produce enough insulin, or the body can't use insulin properly, leading to high blood sugar. It's often linked to lifestyle factors like obesity and lack of physical activity.

Gestational diabetes develops during pregnancy. This is because hormones during pregnancy can make the body less sensitive to insulin.

Hyperglycemia is the medical term for high blood sugar. It can occur in people with diabetes or other conditions that affect glucose regulation.

Hypoglycemia refers to low blood sugar. It can be a serious condition, especially for people with diabetes.

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a serious complication of diabetes. It occurs when the body produces excess ketones (acids) because it can't use sugar for fuel. DKA is a medical emergency.

A serious diabetes complication that causes high blood sugar and dehydration. The body is unable to use glucose for fuel, leading to a build-up of sugar in the blood.

A process by which the body converts glucose from food into energy.

A hormone produced by the pancreas that helps regulate blood sugar.