Pathophysiology Chapter 1 Flashcards

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Questions and Answers

What is Pathology?

The process of cell division

A branch of medicine dealing with disease (correct)

A study of cellular functions

A type of medical treatment

What does Pathophysiology study?

Genetic mutations

Treatment procedures

Functional or physiological changes due to disease (correct)

Structural changes in tissues

What does Anaerobic refer to?

Metabolism and function without oxygen

What is Apoptosis?

Normal programmed cell death in tissues Signup and view all the answers

What is an Autopsy?

An examination of part or all of a body postmortem Signup and view all the answers

What is a Biopsy?

The removal of a small piece of living tissue for microscopic examination Signup and view all the answers

What does Endogenous mean?

Originating from within the body Signup and view all the answers

What does Exogenous mean?

Originating from outside the body Signup and view all the answers

What is Gangrene?

Necrotic tissue infected by bacteria Signup and view all the answers

What causes Infection?

A disease caused by a microorganism Signup and view all the answers

What is Homeostasis?

A relatively stable environment in the body Signup and view all the answers

What does Hypoxia mean?

A decrease or insufficient level of oxygen in the tissues Signup and view all the answers

What does Iatrogenic refer to?

Caused by treatment, procedure, or error Signup and view all the answers

What does Idiopathic mean?

No known cause Signup and view all the answers

What is Inflammation?

The response to tissue damage indicated by redness, swelling, warmth, and pain Signup and view all the answers

What is Ischemia?

Decreased blood supply to an organ or tissue Signup and view all the answers

What does Lysis refer to?

Destruction of a cell Signup and view all the answers

What does Lysosomal refer to?

Pertaining to a cell containing digestive or lytic enzymes Signup and view all the answers

What is a Microorganism?

Very small living organism, not visible to the naked eye, usually single-celled Signup and view all the answers

What does Morphologic refer to?

The physical size, form, structure, and shape of cells and organs Signup and view all the answers

What is Probability?

The likelihood or chance of occurrence Signup and view all the answers

What is Disease?

A deviation from the normal state of health Signup and view all the answers

Why is a state of health difficult to define?

Because of genetic differences and variations in life experiences and environmental influences Signup and view all the answers

What are the Seven Steps to Health?

Strategies to promote health including not smoking and increased fruit and vegetable intake Signup and view all the answers

What are the basic building blocks for studying a specific disease?

Signs related to the specific site of damage and signs related to the pathologic process Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus in health care?

Prevention Signup and view all the answers

What is the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)?

An organization concerned with decreasing the incidence of diseases Signup and view all the answers

What is the Three-stage Process to health research?

It involves basic science, safety testing in humans, and clinical trials Signup and view all the answers

What are Single-blind Studies?

Studies where only the patient is unaware of which therapy is being given Signup and view all the answers

What are Double-blind Studies?

Studies where neither the patient nor the researchers know which treatment is given Signup and view all the answers

What is Evidence-based Research?

Research findings demonstrating merit after a three-stage process Signup and view all the answers

What is the Importance of History, SAMPLE?

It helps determine treatment and impacts the patient's care Signup and view all the answers

What is HPV?

A virus with high prevalence among sexually active Americans and linked to cervical cancer Signup and view all the answers

Who collects reports from health care professionals?

WHO, United States Public Health Service, CDC Signup and view all the answers

What is Dx?

The identification of a specific disease Signup and view all the answers

What does Etiology refer to?

The cause of a specific disease Signup and view all the answers

What are Predisposing Factors?

Tendencies that promote the development of a disease in an individual Signup and view all the answers

What is Prevention?

Closely linked to etiology and predisposing factors for a specific disease Signup and view all the answers

What are preventive measures based on accurate research?

Vaccinations, proper diet/lifestyle, cessation of harmful behavior, removal of harmful materials Signup and view all the answers

What is Pathogenesis?

The development of a disease Signup and view all the answers

What does Acute onset refer to?

Sudden beginning of a disease or disorder Signup and view all the answers

What does Insidious onset refer to?

Development of a disorder that occurs gradually over an extended period Signup and view all the answers

What are different possible stages of disease?

Subclinical state, latent stage, incubation period, prodromal period, manifestation Signup and view all the answers

What are Signs?

Objective manifestations of disease that can be observed or measured Signup and view all the answers

What are Symptoms?

Subjective indications of disease reported by the patient Signup and view all the answers

What is Disease Progression?

Remission, exacerbation, precipitating factors, sequelae, therapy Signup and view all the answers

What is a Syndrome?

A collection of signs and symptoms of a disease process Signup and view all the answers

What is a Lesion?

A specific local change in the tissue Signup and view all the answers

What is a Quality Assurance Program?

An ongoing systematic process designed to evaluate and promote excellence in healthcare Signup and view all the answers

What is Convalescence?

Rehabilitation or recovery Signup and view all the answers

What are Complications?

An additional problem arising after the original disease begins Signup and view all the answers

What are Different Outcomes relevant to disease?

Prognosis, morbidity, mortality, epidemiology Signup and view all the answers

What is disease Occurrence?

Epidemic, pandemic, incidence, prevalence Signup and view all the answers

What are Cellular Adaptations?

Atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, dysplasia, neoplasm, anaplasia Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Key Terminology in Pathophysiology

Pathology: Focuses on the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs due to disease.
Pathophysiology: Examines physiological changes caused by disease processes.
Anaerobic: Refers to processes that occur without oxygen.

Cellular Processes

Apoptosis: Defined as the normal programmed death of cells within tissues.
Lysis: Involves the destruction of a cell.
Lysosomal: Relates to cells containing digestive enzymes that break down material.

Disease and Health Concepts

Homeostasis: The stable internal environment of the body that regulates blood pressure, temperature, and pH.
Hypoxia: Insufficient oxygen levels in tissues, affecting cellular function.
Inflammation: Body's response to tissue injury marked by redness, swelling, heat, and pain.

Disease Classification

Endogenous: Originating from within the body; internal causes of disease.
Exogenous: External origin, causing disease from outside the body.
Idiopathic: Diseases with no known cause.

Disease Progression and Diagnosis

Prognosis: Prediction regarding the likely course of a disease and recovery.
Diagnosis (Dx): Identification of a disease through evaluation of signs and symptoms coupled with laboratory tests.
Disease Stages: Include subclinical (undetectable), latent (dormant), incubation period (exposure to symptoms), prodromal period (non-specific signs), and manifestation (clinical effects).

Research Methodology

Evidence-based Research: Findings supported by the three-stage research process focusing on safety and efficacy over cost and social influences.
Double-blind Studies: Both participants and researchers are unaware of treatment being administered to eliminate bias.

Health Guidelines and Prevention

Seven Steps to Health: Comprehensive lifestyle recommendations to reduce disease risk, including avoiding smoking, healthy eating, regular activity, sun protection, screenings, and healthcare visits.
Preventive Measures: Actions like vaccinations, healthy lifestyle changes, and removing hazards to prevent diseases.

Complications and Outcomes

Complications: Additional issues arising during or after a disease process.
Morbidity: Measurement of disease incidence within a population.
Mortality: Measurement of death rates due to disease impacts.

Adaptations and Syndromes

Cellular Adaptations include:
- Atrophy: Decrease in cell size.
- Hypertrophy: Increase in cell size.
- Hyperplasia: Increase in cell number.
- Metaplasia: Replacement of cell types.
- Dysplasia: Variability in cell size and shape.
- Neoplasm: New, abnormal cell growth with benign or malignant characteristics.
- Anaplasia: Undifferentiated cells indicating advanced malignancy.
Syndrome: A cluster of symptoms typically indicative of a particular disease affecting multiple organs.

Important Health Agencies

Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): Focuses on reducing disease incidence, awareness programs, and collecting disease data.

Factors Influencing Health

Predisposing Factors: Conditions or tendencies that increase the likelihood of developing a disease.
Iatrogenic Conditions: Result from medical treatment or procedures.

Epidemiology

Epidemic: Higher than normal occurrence of disease in a specific area.
Pandemic: Disease spread across multiple regions.
Incidence: Number of new disease cases in a given timeframe.
Prevalence: Total number of existing cases at a particular time.

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Test your knowledge with these flashcards from Chapter 1 of Pathophysiology. Learn key terms such as pathology and pathophysiology, along with their definitions and significance in medicine. Perfect for students aiming to reinforce their understanding of disease processes.