Medical Terminology Quiz

Exotoxins and Endotoxins

• Exotoxins are toxins secreted by bacteria.
• Endotoxins are toxins released from the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria upon cell death.
• Both exotoxins and endotoxins can damage the host by destroying cells or disrupting normal cellular metabolism

Infectivity, Communicability, and Virulence

• Infectivity refers to a pathogen's ability to invade and multiply in a host.
• Communicability refers to a pathogen's ability to spread from one individual to another.
• Virulence refers to a microorganism's capacity to cause severe disease or harm to the host.

Narrow Spectrum Antibiotics

• Narrow spectrum Penicillin and Cephalosporin treat Gram-positive bacteria.
• Narrow spectrum Aminoglycoside treats Gram-negative bacteria.

Cephalosporin Generations

• First-generation Cephalosporins treat Gram-positive bacteria and have more bacterial resistance.
• Higher-generation Cephalosporins treat Gram-positive and negative bacteria but have less bacterial resistance.

Antibiotics for MRSA Infections

• Vancomycin inhibits cell wall synthesis and is used for severe infections, including MRSA.
• Fifth-generation Cephalosporin (Ceftaroline) is used for infections associated with MRSA.

Antibiotics for Pseudomonas Infections

• Fourth-generation Cephalosporin (Cefepime) treats healthcare- and hospital-associated pneumonias, including those caused by Pseudomonas.

Antibiotics Inhibiting Cell Wall Synthesis

• Penicillin weakens the bacterial cell wall, leading to bacteria taking up excessive water and rupture.
• Cephalosporin has a similar mechanism of action, inhibiting cell wall synthesis.
• Vancomycin inhibits cell wall synthesis and is effective against Gram-positive bacteria.

Protein Synthesis Inhibitors

• Macrolides inhibit protein synthesis.
• Aminoglycosides inhibit protein synthesis, are bactericidal, and are used for aerobic Gram-negative bacilli.
• Tetracyclines inhibit protein synthesis and are broad-spectrum antibiotics

DNA and Folic Acid Inhibitors

• Sulfa and Trimethoprim work by suppressing bacterial growth, inhibiting tetrahydrofolic acid, which is a derivative of either folic acid or folate.

Allergic Reactions

• Penicillin and Cephalosporin are more commonly associated with allergic reactions.
• Anaphylaxis is the most severe reaction, characterized by bronchospasm, laryngeal edema, and hypotension.
• Sulfa Antibiotics can cause common mild reactions include rash, drug fever, and photosensitivity.

Aminoglycosides Side Effects

• Aminoglycosides can cause ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity.

P-450 Inhibitors

• Grapefruit juice is a P-450 inhibitor

Opioid Side Effects

• Opioids can cause constipation, decreased respiratory rate, sedation, euphoria, and hypotension.

Cyclosporine Side Effects

• Cyclosporine can cause nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, and increase the chance of infection.

NSAID Side Effects

• NSAIDs can cause nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, GI bleeding, and nephrotoxicity.

Glucocorticoid Side Effects

• Glucocorticoids can cause hypertension, increase the chance of infection, hyperglycemia, breakdown of skin, muscle, and bones, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and GI bleeding.

Hypersensitivity Type IV

• Hypersensitivity type IV involves only T lymphocytes, with no antibody present.
• Examples include PPD tests and contact dermatitis.

Autoimmune Disorders

• Lupus, RA, Graves, and Type 1 DM are autoimmune disorders.

Hypersensitivity Type I

• Hypersensitivity type I involves mast cells, IgE, genetic links, prompt reaction within 20 minutes, mild hives and rash, and life-threatening anaphylaxis.

Hypersensitivity Type II and III

• Hypersensitivity type II and III involve IgG and IgM, causing autoimmune disorders, transfusion reactions, and Rh disease of the fetus.

C-Pain Fibers

• C-pain fibers are unmyelinated.

Delta Pain Fibers

• Delta pain fibers are located in the skin, are fast-acting, and highly localized.

Referred Pain

• Pain perceived at a location other than the site of the painful stimulus
• Referred pain often occurs due to the sharing of sensory pathways between the site of injury and the referred area.

Benefits of Low-Grade Fever

• A low-grade fever kills invading microorganisms.
• It promotes lysosomal breakdown and autodestruction of infected cells.
• Fever increases lymphocytic transformation and phagocytic motility.
• It augments antiviral interferon production and phagocytosis.

Danger of Hyperthermia

• Hyperthermia can cause heat cramps, exhaustion, and heatstroke.
• Nerve damage can occur at temperatures ≥ 41°C (105.8°F), leading to convulsions.
• Death is possible at temperatures ≥ 43°C (109.4°F).

Active Immunity

• This is when an individual's immune system responds to a foreign substance (antigen) and produces antibodies, which can happen through natural exposure to a pathogen or through vaccination
• Getting vaccinated against measles.

Passive Immunity

• Passive Immunity is when a person is given antibodies to, rather than producing them through their immune system. This can happen naturally, such as antibodies passed from a mother to a baby through breast milk
• Receiving antibodies for rabies after exposure to the virus.

Superinfection

• Superinfection is an infection that occurs on top of an existing infection
• It is usually due to the disruption of normal microbial flora by antibiotics, which allows opportunistic pathogens to overgrow.

COPD and Barrel Chest

• Barrel chest is a physical characteristic often seen in advanced COPD, where the chest becomes rounded and enlarged due to chronic overinflation of the lungs.

Glucocorticoid Inhalers

• Glucocorticoid inhalers should be used daily regardless of having asthma or not.

Emphysema Pathogenesis

• The main pathogenesis in emphysema is the destruction of the alveoli (air sacs) in the lungs, leading to decreased surface area for gas exchange and difficulty in breathing

Chronic Bronchitis Pathogenesis

• The pathogenesis in chronic bronchitis is an increase in mucus production and inflammation in the airways, leading to coughing and breathing difficulty.

Albuterol

• Albuterol, a beta-2 agonist, treats asthma by opening the airways (bronchodilator).

Pleural Effusions

• Transudative pleural effusions are caused by fluid leaking into the pleural space due to increased pressure or low protein content, often seen in heart failure or cirrhosis.
• Exudative pleural effusions are caused by inflammation, infection, or malignancy, leading to fluid with high protein content and cellular debris.
• Hemorrhagic effusions contain blood, often due to trauma.
• Chylous effusions contain lymph fluid, often due to injury or obstruction of the thoracic duct.

Acute Asthma Signs and Symptoms

• Signs and Symptoms of acute asthma include shortness of breath, wheezing, chest tightness, and coughing.

Asthma Pathogenesis

• Pathogenesis of asthma includes chronic inflammation of the airways, leading to hyperresponsiveness, bronchoconstriction, and airflow obstruction
• Allergens and infections can trigger it.

Temperature Benefit of Fever

• Fever kills invading microorganisms.
• It promotes lysosomal breakdown and autodestruction of infected cells.
• Fever increases lymphocytic transformation and phagocytic motility.
• It augments antiviral interferon production
• It augments phagocytosis.

Hyperthermia

• Heat cramps are painful muscle contractions caused by the loss of fluids and electrolytes.
• Heat exhaustion includes symptoms like heavy sweating, weakness, dizziness, nausea, and headache.
• Heatstroke is a medical emergency where body temperature exceeds 41°C (105.8°F), causing confusion, seizures, and potential death.

Factors of Bacterial Infection

• Factors of bacterial infection include pathogenicity, microbial adherence, invasion, communicability, virulence, immunogenicity, infectivity, bacteremia/septicemia, and portal of entry.

Increased Risk of Infection

• Malnutrition, age, chronic illness, stress, immunosuppression, and recent antibiotic use increase the risk of infection.

Exotoxins and Endotoxins in Bacterial Infections

• Exotoxins are toxins secreted by bacteria.
• Endotoxins are components of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, released upon bacterial cell death.

Endospores

• Endospores are a form of bacterial resistance
• They can withstand extreme conditions and germinate when conditions are favorable, ensuring the bacterium's survival.

Antimicrobial Resistance

• Bacteria become resistant to antibiotics, making infections harder to treat
• Antimicrobial resistance can result from overuse or misuse of antibiotics.

Antimicrobials

• Grapefruit juice is a P-450 inhibitor.

Aminoglycosides

• Aminoglycosides are narrow-spectrum antibiotics that treat Gram-negative bacteria.
• They are protein inhibitors and can cause ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity as side effects.

Nosocomial Infections

• Nosocomial infections, also known as hospital-acquired infections, are infections that patients acquire during their stay in a healthcare facility.
• They can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites and are often associated with medical procedures or devices like catheters and ventilators.

Superinfection

• Superinfection is an infection that occurs on top of an existing infection, usually due to the disruption of normal microbial flora by antibiotics, allowing opportunistic pathogens to overgrow.

Bactericidal vs. Bacteriostatic

• Bactericidal antibiotics kill bacteria directly (e.g., Penicillin).
• Bacteriostatic antibiotics inhibit the growth and reproduction of bacteria, allowing the immune system to eliminate the infection (e.g., Tetracyclines).

Gram-Positive vs. Gram-Negative Bacteria

• Gram-positive bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan cell wall that retains the crystal violet stain, appearing purple under a microscope (e.g., Staphylococcus aureus).
• Gram-negative bacteria have a thin peptidoglycan cell wall and an outer membrane that does not retain the crystal violet stain, appearing pink under a microscope (e.g., Escherichia coli).

Treatment for MRSA and Pseudomonas

• MRSA is treated with antibiotics like Vancomycin and fifth-generation Cephalosporins (Ceftaroline)
• Pseudomonas is treated with fourth-generation Cephalosporins (Cefepime) and other antibiotics like Piperacillin-tazobactam.

Antimicrobial Classes

• Penicillin inhibits cell wall synthesis and can cause allergic reactions and gastrointestinal issues.
• Cephalosporins inhabit cell wall synthesis and can cause allergic reactions and gastrointestinal issues.
• Vancomycin inhibits cell wall synthesis and can cause nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity.
• Macrolides inhibit protein synthesis and can cause gastrointestinal issues and hepatotoxicity.
• Aminoglycosides inhibit protein synthesis and can cause ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity.
• Tetracyclines inhibit protein synthesis and DNA/folic acid synthesis and can cause photosensitivity and gastrointestinal issues.
• Sulfa antibiotics inhibit DNA/folic acid synthesis and can cause allergic reactions and kidney issues.

Gentamicin

• Gentamicin and Cephalosporin inhibit cell wall synthesis. First-generation treats gram-positive and has more bacterial resistance, higher-generation treat gram-positive, negative, and less bacterial resistant

Penicillin and Vancomycin

• Both Penicillin (beta-lactam) and Vancomycin inhibit cell wall synthesis.

Tetracycline

• Tetracycline is a protein inhibitor and DNA/folic acid inhibitor with broad-spectrum action.

Sulfa

• Sulfa is an DNA/folic acid inhibitor.

Macrolides

• Macrolides are protein inhibitors.

Active Immunity

• Active Immunity occurs when an individual's immune system responds to a foreign substance (antigen) and produces antibodies
• It can happen through natural exposure to a pathogen or through vaccination
• Example is getting vaccinated against measles.

Passive Immunity

• Passive Immunity occurs when a person is given antibodies to a disease rather than producing them through their immune system. It can happen naturally, such as antibodies passed from mother to baby through breast milk
• Example is receiving antibodies for rabies after exposure to the virus.

Autoimmune Disorders

• Autoimmune disorders occur when the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own tissues, recognizing them as foreign
• Autoimmune disorders lead to inflammation and damage to various organs and tissues.
• Lupus (systemic lupus erythematosus, SLE) is a chronic AI disease, where the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks its own healthy issues.

Hypersensitivity Reactions

• Type 1 hypersensitivity involves mast cells and basophils, IgE, a genetic link, with a prompt reaction that can lead to mild hives, rash, and life-threatening anaphylaxis.
• Type 2 mediated by immediate specific antibodies. Graves disease and myasthenia gravis, -Transfusion Reaction; Ex: Rh disease of fetus
• Type 3: Non-tissue specific, system unable to remove antigen-antibody immune complexes Ex: Lupus.
• Type 4 is a delayed response because the reaction is not the antibody itself only T lymphocytes (Mediated by T cell only and no antibodies

Allergies and Histamine

• Histamine is released by mast cells during an allergic reaction
• Histamine release causes symptoms like vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, and bronchoconstriction.
• Penicillin, Cephalosporin, and sulfa antibiotics can cause allergic reactions, ranging from mild rashes to severe anaphylaxis.

Immune System Medications

• Glucocorticoid drugs reduce inflammation and suppress the immune system. Side effects include hypertension, increased risk of infection, hyperglycemia, breakdown of skin, muscle, bones, and GI side effects.
• Cyclooxygenase inhibitors reduce inflammation and pain.

Immune system Drug Action and side effects

Glucocorticoid drugs reduce inflammation and suppress the immune system. Side effects include hypertension, increased risk of infection, hyperglycemia, breakdown of skin, muscle, bones, and GI side effects

Inflammation as a Response

• Inflammation is the body's response to injury or infection
• It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, pain, and loss of function.
• Types of Exudate related to inflammation
  • Serous exudate is clear and watery.
  • Fibrinous exudate is thick, sticky, and contains high levels of fibrin.
  • Purulent exudate contains pus, indicating infection.
  • Hemorrhagic exudate contains blood, indicating bleeding.

Opsonization

• Opsonization is a process where pathogens are marked for destruction by the immune system. The complement cascade enhances the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear microbes and damaged cells.

Inflammation Types

• Localized inflammation occurs at the site of injury or infection. * General inflammation affects the entire body.

Role in Inflammation:

• Macrophages phagocytose pathogens and release cytokines to mediate the inflammatory response.
• Neutrophils phagocytose pathogens and release free radicals to kill microbes.

Pain and Pain Medication

• The pain process involves transmission of pain signals from the site of injury to the brain. The pain pathway involves nerve fibers transmitting pain signals to the CNS. Types of Pain (acute/ chronic /referred
• Referred Pain is pain perceived at a location other than the site of the painful stimulus;
• Pain threshold is the minimum intensity at which a person perceives pain, and tolerances is what patient can endure. -Delta Pain Fibers are fast-paced, highly localized, found in the skin. -C Pain Fibers are unmyelinated, slow, poorly localized
• Like morphine, work by binding to opioid receptors in the brain to reduce pain. Side effects include constipation, decreased respiratory rate, sedation, euphoria, and hypotension.

Like morphine the medications work binding to opioid receptiors Side effects ( constipation, decreased respiratory rate, sedation, euphoria, hypotension

Test your knowledge of medical terminology related to exudates, complement cascades, pain types, medication side effects, inflammation, and immune cell function. The quiz covers key concepts in pathophysiology and pharmacology. Assess your understanding of body responses to infection.