Pathophysiology Exam Study Notes
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following best describes pathophysiology?

  • The examination of surgical techniques
  • The study of normal bodily functions
  • The collection of patient medical histories
  • The study of diseases and their effects on bodily function (correct)

    • Fetal Alcohol Syndrome is a condition caused by exposure to teratogens during pregnancy.

    True

    What is achalasia?

    The failure of smooth muscle fibers in the gastrointestinal tract to relax.

    ______ is the clouding of the lens of the eyes that can lead to blindness.

    <p>Cataracts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following diseases with their characteristics:

    <p>Meniere’s Disease = Episodes of severe vertigo and hearing loss Cataracts = Clouding of the eye lens Achalasia = Failure of smooth muscle in the GI tract to relax Fetal Alcohol Syndrome = Developmental disorders caused by prenatal alcohol exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for Meniere’s Disease?

    <p>Increased caffeine intake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Diagnostic tests for Meniere’s Disease include a vestibular test battery and a hearing test.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The study of cells and extracellular matrix of body tissues is known as ______.

    <p>Histology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of acute gout attacks?

    <p>Deposition of monosodium urate crystals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chronic tophaceous gout can lead to bone and cartilage erosion.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one type of seizure that can occur in focal epilepsy.

    <p>Focal aware or focal impaired awareness or focal motor or focal non-motor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ is a common diagnostic test used to detect epilepsy.

    <p>EEG</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of arthritis with their descriptions:

    <p>Osteoarthritis = Caused by wear-and-tear on cartilage Rheumatoid arthritis = Autoimmune disorder causing joint inflammation Gout = Caused by monosodium urate crystal accumulation Psoriatic arthritis = Associated with psoriasis skin condition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of malignant neoplasm originates in epithelial tissues?

    <p>Carcinoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All forms of arthritis result from the same underlying cause.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of malignant neoplasm?

    <p>Abnormal lumps or bumps</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Epilepsy can be triggered by __________, lack of sleep, and stress.

    <p>alcohol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a symptom of gout?

    <p>Swelling and redness of the joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of cataracts?

    <p>Blurry or foggy vision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Otosclerosis is caused by abnormal bone remodeling in the outer ear.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is characterized by the abnormal growth of ear bones leading to hearing impairment?

    <p>Otosclerosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A common risk factor for developing glaucoma includes __________ pressure in the eye.

    <p>increased</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of astigmatism has the vertical meridian steepest?

    <p>With-the-rule astigmatism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Normal Tension Glaucoma occurs even when intraocular pressure is within normal limits.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the aqueous humor in the eye?

    <p>To maintain intraocular pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Patients with __________ astigmatism may have a steepest curve lying between 120 and 150 degrees.

    <p>oblique</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the types of glaucoma with their characteristics:

    <p>Primary Open Angle = Gradual blockage; painless Normal Tension = Optic nerve damage despite normal IOP Angle-Closure = Iris blocks drainage angle; can be acute Closed-angle = Pressure rises quickly; rare</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does not contribute to the development of cataracts?

    <p>Exercising regularly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Corrective lenses can help treat astigmatism.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of otosclerosis on hearing?

    <p>Conductive hearing loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In cataracts, objects may appear to have a __________ or yellow shade.

    <p>brown</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a primary cause of glaucoma?

    <p>Blocked drainage channels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lasers are not used for the treatment of astigmatism.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms is NOT commonly associated with Addison’s disease?

    <p>Fatty hump between the shoulders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Myxedema is a mild manifestation of hypothyroidism.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What autoimmune disease is primarily associated with hypothyroidism?

    <p>Hashimoto's disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    T3 and T4 production is primarily regulated by the release of __________ from the hypothalamus.

    <p>Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a complication of diabetes?

    <p>Goiter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    SLE cirrhosis is a common condition linked closely with diabetes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    List two primary hormones produced by the adrenal cortex.

    <p>Cortisol and aldosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cushing Syndrome is characterized by an excess of __________ in the body.

    <p>cortisol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following conditions to their associated symptoms:

    <p>Addison’s Disease = Extreme fatigue and darkened skin Cushing Syndrome = Fatty hump and rounded face Hashimoto’s Disease = Weight gain and goiter SLE = Butterfly rash and joint pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common treatment for hypothyroidism?

    <p>Thyroid hormone replacement therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bryce and cortisol levels are affected in individuals with Addison's disease.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of secondary Addison's disease?

    <p>Insufficient production of ACTH from the pituitary gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The adrenal glands consist of two main sections, the medulla and the __________.

    <p>cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group is primarily affected by Hashimoto's disease?

    <p>Women, especially middle-aged</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tinea corporis is caused by autoimmune reactions in the body.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What enzyme deficiency causes Galactosemia?

    <p>Galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Galactosemia can lead to mental disabilities and death.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three types of Gaucher's Disease?

    <p>Type 1, Type 2, Type 3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The protective response to tissue injury is called __________.

    <p>inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following symptoms with the conditions they are related to:

    <p>Galactosemia = Jaundice, lethargy, vomit Gaucher's Disease = Fatigue, bone pain, easy bruising Injury-Induced Response = Swelling, pain, impaired function Neoplasia = Growth of abnormal cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is classified as acute inflammation?

    <p>Acute appendicitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of defensins in the phagosome?

    <p>To destroy microbes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fibrinous exudate is characterized by a low amount of protein.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hyperplasia results in an increase in cell size without replication.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of histamine in the inflammatory response?

    <p>Histamine causes vasodilation and increases capillary permeability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of stroke results from inadequate blood flow to the brain due to blockage of an artery?

    <p>Ischemic stroke</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of containing and removing necrotic materials in inflammation is known as __________.

    <p>healing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bradykinin is a natural vasoactive peptide that acts on nerves, smooth muscle, and ________ release.

    <p>mediator</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of inflammation with their durations:

    <p>Acute = Days to weeks Subacute = Weeks to months Chronic = Months to years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of stroke with its correct description:

    <p>Ischemic = Results from a blockage of an artery. Hemorrhagic = Involves bleeding into the brain tissue. Thrombotic = Caused by a blood clot due to vessel wall injury. Embolic = Occurs when an embolus moves and clogs a vessel.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a sign of inflammation?

    <p>Weight gain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common complication of Gaucher's Disease?

    <p>Enlarged spleen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The staging system for tumors is known as TNM.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Permanent cells can regenerate after injury.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the two main components of healing.

    <p>Regeneration and repair</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process called when leukocytes move toward the site of injury?

    <p>Chemotaxis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Galactosemia, the accumulation of __________ can lead to cataracts.

    <p>galactitol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process where health tissue is restored without significant evidence of injury is known as ________.

    <p>regeneration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of cell response in inflammation?

    <p>Vasoconstriction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following manifestations of diabetes with their descriptions:

    <p>Polydipsia = Increased thirst Polyuria = Increased urination Polyphagia = Increased hunger Lethargy = Loss of energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells regenerate rapidly?

    <p>Labile cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Diabetic ketoacidosis is primarily caused by insulin resistance.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the expected maximum tensile strength of a healed wound?

    <p>70-80% of original strength</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ______ cells do not regenerate and are replaced by scar tissue.

    <p>Permanent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Pathophysiology Exam Study Notes

    • Exam Structure:
      • Section 1: 50 Multiple Choice Questions
      • Section 2: 15 True or False Questions
      • Section 3: 5 Matching Questions
      • Section 4: Essay (20 marks) with 3 sub-questions on Intracranial Pressure.

    Mechanism of Disease

    • Disease Definition: A deviation or interruption in body function, structure, or organ system leading to reduced capacity or shortened lifespan. Manifested by signs and symptoms.
    • Pathophysiology: The study of disease mechanisms, including causes, processes, and the body's responses to disease.
    • Syndrome: A set of signs and symptoms that often occur together and characterize a specific disease.
    • Histology: Study of cells and extracellular matrices in tissues.
    • Morphology: Study of the fundamental form and structure of cells and tissues, including anatomical and microscopic changes in disease.

    Specific Diseases

    Achalasia

    • Failure of smooth muscle fibers in the gastrointestinal tract to relax.

    Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

    • Developmental disorder caused by maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy.

    Meniere's Disease

    • Inner ear disorder causing vertigo, tinnitus, and hearing loss.
    • Linked to fluid buildup (endolymph).
    • Symptoms can last up to 24 hours.
    • Risk factors: age (40-60), female gender, genetic predisposition, autoimmune diseases.
    • Complications: increased risk of falls, hearing loss, mental illness.
    • Diagnosis: hearing tests, MRI, vestibular test battery.
    • Treatment: avoid salt, caffeine, alcohol; diuretics may be prescribed.

    Cataracts

    • Clouding of the eye lens, leading to blindness.
    • Caused by clumping of damaged lens proteins, often due to aging, injury, surgery, or UV exposure.
    • Symptoms: blurry vision, light sensitivity, halos around lights, double vision, or color changes.
    • Risk factors: age over 40, family history, diabetes, smoking, corticosteroid use, eye injury, UV exposure, radiation treatment.

    Astigmatism

    • Eye condition where the cornea or lens is abnormally curved, causing distorted vision.
    • No known direct cause.
    • Symptoms: blurry vision, squinting, headaches, straining.
    • Diagnosis: visual acuity test, refraction test, keratometry, corneal topography.
    • Treatment: corrective lenses (glasses or contacts), laser surgery.
      • Regular Astigmatism: Principal meridians are perpendicular. Subtypes include with-the-rule, against-the-rule, and oblique.
      • Irregular Astigmatism: Principal meridians are not perpendicular.
      • Accommodation Relaxed: Simple and compound astigmatism subtypes related to hyperopia or myopia.

    Otosclerosis

    • Hardening of the ear bone (stapes).
    • Caused by abnormal bone remodeling in the middle ear.
    • Prevents sound transmission from middle to inner ear.
    • Result in conductive hearing loss (muffled sounds).
    • Can be hereditary; previous measles infection could be a factor.
    • Treatment: hearing aids, stapedectomy, supplements.

    Glaucoma

    • Eye disease damaging the optic nerve due to increased eye pressure.
      • Primary Open Angle: Most common type; gradual blockage of drainage channels. Vision loss often begins in peripheral vision.
      • Normal Tension: Optic nerve damage despite normal eye pressure; often due to poor blood flow.
      • Angle-Closure: Iris blocks drainage angle, causing rapid increase in pressure.

    Galactosemia

    • Rare metabolic disorder preventing galactose processing.
    • Caused by a deficiency in the GALT enzyme.
    • Symptoms: loss of appetite, vomiting, jaundice, diarrhea, lethargy; renal and liver dysfunction; failure to thrive.
    • Complications: cataracts, sepsis, liver failure, intellectual disability, kidney disease, death.
    • Treatment: dietary restriction of galactose.

    Gaucher's Disease

    • Genetic disorder impairing lipid breakdown.
    • 3 types: Type 1 (most common), Type 2 (infantile, fatal), Type 3.
    • Symptoms: enlarged liver and spleen, bruising, fatigue, skeletal problems, eye abnormalities, anemia.
    • Treatment: enzyme replacement therapy, medications, bone marrow transplant.

    Inflammatory Response and Process

    • Inflammation: Localized, nonspecific protective response to tissue injury.
    • Necrosis: Localized tissue death due to insufficient blood flow or injury-induced degradation.
    • Atrophy: Reduction in muscle size.
    • Hypertrophy: Increase in cell size.
    • Hyperplasia: Increase in cell number.
    • Neoplasia: Abnormal cell division and growth.
    • Tumor Classification: Benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous); classified using TNM (tumor, node, metastasis) and grading systems (1-4).
    • Inflammatory Process Mechanisms:
      • Vascular response: Vasodilation, increased permeability.
      • Cellular response: Leukocyte recruitment (margination, emigration, chemotaxis, phagocytosis).
      • Exudate formation: Different types of exudates (serous, fibrinous, purulent, etc).
      • Healing: Regeneration (cell replacement) or repair (scar tissue).
    • Phases of Wound Healing: Inflammatory, proliferative, maturation.
    • Types of Inflammatory Processes: Acute, subacute, chronic.
    • Bradykinin: Vasoactive peptide in inflammatory processes.

    Conditions

    • Stroke: Brain ischemia (inadequate blood flow).
    • Stroke types: Ischemic (thrombotic, embolic), hemorrhagic (intracranial, subarachnoid).
    • Diabetes: Impaired glucose processing due to insufficient insulin.
    • Type 1 Diabetes: Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells.
    • Type 2 Diabetes: Insulin resistance.
    • Endocrine Disorders: Hypothyroidism (myxedema, Hashimoto's Thyroiditis), Addison's Disease (adrenal insufficiency), Cushing's Syndrome (hypercortisolism).
    • Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE): Autoimmune disease impacting multiple organs.
    • Tinea Corporis: Fungal skin infection (ringworm).
    • Gout: Inflammatory arthritis due to uric acid crystal buildup.
    • Malignant Neoplasms: Cancers.
    • Arthritis: Joint inflammation or damage. Osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis.
    • Epilepsy: Frequent seizures due to abnormal electrical activity in the brain.

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    Prepare for your Pathophysiology exam with this comprehensive set of study notes, which includes multiple choice, true or false, matching questions, and an essay on Intracranial Pressure. Understand key concepts such as disease mechanisms, pathology, and specific diseases like Achalasia. Master the terminology and applications that will help you excel in your exam.

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