Pathophysiology Exam Study Notes
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following best describes pathophysiology?

  • The examination of surgical techniques
  • The study of normal bodily functions
  • The collection of patient medical histories
  • The study of diseases and their effects on bodily function (correct)

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome is a condition caused by exposure to teratogens during pregnancy.

True (A)

What is achalasia?

The failure of smooth muscle fibers in the gastrointestinal tract to relax.

______ is the clouding of the lens of the eyes that can lead to blindness.

<p>Cataracts</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following diseases with their characteristics:

<p>Meniere’s Disease = Episodes of severe vertigo and hearing loss Cataracts = Clouding of the eye lens Achalasia = Failure of smooth muscle in the GI tract to relax Fetal Alcohol Syndrome = Developmental disorders caused by prenatal alcohol exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for Meniere’s Disease?

<p>Increased caffeine intake (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Diagnostic tests for Meniere’s Disease include a vestibular test battery and a hearing test.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The study of cells and extracellular matrix of body tissues is known as ______.

<p>Histology</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of acute gout attacks?

<p>Deposition of monosodium urate crystals (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Chronic tophaceous gout can lead to bone and cartilage erosion.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one type of seizure that can occur in focal epilepsy.

<p>Focal aware or focal impaired awareness or focal motor or focal non-motor</p> Signup and view all the answers

The __________ is a common diagnostic test used to detect epilepsy.

<p>EEG</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of arthritis with their descriptions:

<p>Osteoarthritis = Caused by wear-and-tear on cartilage Rheumatoid arthritis = Autoimmune disorder causing joint inflammation Gout = Caused by monosodium urate crystal accumulation Psoriatic arthritis = Associated with psoriasis skin condition</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of malignant neoplasm originates in epithelial tissues?

<p>Carcinoma (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

All forms of arthritis result from the same underlying cause.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of malignant neoplasm?

<p>Abnormal lumps or bumps</p> Signup and view all the answers

Epilepsy can be triggered by __________, lack of sleep, and stress.

<p>alcohol</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a symptom of gout?

<p>Swelling and redness of the joint (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of cataracts?

<p>Blurry or foggy vision (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Otosclerosis is caused by abnormal bone remodeling in the outer ear.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is characterized by the abnormal growth of ear bones leading to hearing impairment?

<p>Otosclerosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

A common risk factor for developing glaucoma includes __________ pressure in the eye.

<p>increased</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of astigmatism has the vertical meridian steepest?

<p>With-the-rule astigmatism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Normal Tension Glaucoma occurs even when intraocular pressure is within normal limits.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the aqueous humor in the eye?

<p>To maintain intraocular pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

Patients with __________ astigmatism may have a steepest curve lying between 120 and 150 degrees.

<p>oblique</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of glaucoma with their characteristics:

<p>Primary Open Angle = Gradual blockage; painless Normal Tension = Optic nerve damage despite normal IOP Angle-Closure = Iris blocks drainage angle; can be acute Closed-angle = Pressure rises quickly; rare</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does not contribute to the development of cataracts?

<p>Exercising regularly (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Corrective lenses can help treat astigmatism.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main effect of otosclerosis on hearing?

<p>Conductive hearing loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

In cataracts, objects may appear to have a __________ or yellow shade.

<p>brown</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a primary cause of glaucoma?

<p>Blocked drainage channels (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Lasers are not used for the treatment of astigmatism.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms is NOT commonly associated with Addison’s disease?

<p>Fatty hump between the shoulders (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Myxedema is a mild manifestation of hypothyroidism.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What autoimmune disease is primarily associated with hypothyroidism?

<p>Hashimoto's disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

T3 and T4 production is primarily regulated by the release of __________ from the hypothalamus.

<p>Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a complication of diabetes?

<p>Goiter (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

SLE cirrhosis is a common condition linked closely with diabetes.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

List two primary hormones produced by the adrenal cortex.

<p>Cortisol and aldosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cushing Syndrome is characterized by an excess of __________ in the body.

<p>cortisol</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following conditions to their associated symptoms:

<p>Addison’s Disease = Extreme fatigue and darkened skin Cushing Syndrome = Fatty hump and rounded face Hashimoto’s Disease = Weight gain and goiter SLE = Butterfly rash and joint pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common treatment for hypothyroidism?

<p>Thyroid hormone replacement therapy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bryce and cortisol levels are affected in individuals with Addison's disease.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of secondary Addison's disease?

<p>Insufficient production of ACTH from the pituitary gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

The adrenal glands consist of two main sections, the medulla and the __________.

<p>cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group is primarily affected by Hashimoto's disease?

<p>Women, especially middle-aged (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Tinea corporis is caused by autoimmune reactions in the body.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What enzyme deficiency causes Galactosemia?

<p>Galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Galactosemia can lead to mental disabilities and death.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three types of Gaucher's Disease?

<p>Type 1, Type 2, Type 3</p> Signup and view all the answers

The protective response to tissue injury is called __________.

<p>inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following symptoms with the conditions they are related to:

<p>Galactosemia = Jaundice, lethargy, vomit Gaucher's Disease = Fatigue, bone pain, easy bruising Injury-Induced Response = Swelling, pain, impaired function Neoplasia = Growth of abnormal cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is classified as acute inflammation?

<p>Acute appendicitis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of defensins in the phagosome?

<p>To destroy microbes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Fibrinous exudate is characterized by a low amount of protein.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hyperplasia results in an increase in cell size without replication.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of histamine in the inflammatory response?

<p>Histamine causes vasodilation and increases capillary permeability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of stroke results from inadequate blood flow to the brain due to blockage of an artery?

<p>Ischemic stroke</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process of containing and removing necrotic materials in inflammation is known as __________.

<p>healing</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bradykinin is a natural vasoactive peptide that acts on nerves, smooth muscle, and ________ release.

<p>mediator</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of inflammation with their durations:

<p>Acute = Days to weeks Subacute = Weeks to months Chronic = Months to years</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of stroke with its correct description:

<p>Ischemic = Results from a blockage of an artery. Hemorrhagic = Involves bleeding into the brain tissue. Thrombotic = Caused by a blood clot due to vessel wall injury. Embolic = Occurs when an embolus moves and clogs a vessel.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a sign of inflammation?

<p>Weight gain (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common complication of Gaucher's Disease?

<p>Enlarged spleen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The staging system for tumors is known as TNM.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Permanent cells can regenerate after injury.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name the two main components of healing.

<p>Regeneration and repair</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process called when leukocytes move toward the site of injury?

<p>Chemotaxis</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Galactosemia, the accumulation of __________ can lead to cataracts.

<p>galactitol</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process where health tissue is restored without significant evidence of injury is known as ________.

<p>regeneration</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of cell response in inflammation?

<p>Vasoconstriction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following manifestations of diabetes with their descriptions:

<p>Polydipsia = Increased thirst Polyuria = Increased urination Polyphagia = Increased hunger Lethargy = Loss of energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cells regenerate rapidly?

<p>Labile cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Diabetic ketoacidosis is primarily caused by insulin resistance.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the expected maximum tensile strength of a healed wound?

<p>70-80% of original strength</p> Signup and view all the answers

______ cells do not regenerate and are replaced by scar tissue.

<p>Permanent</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Pathophysiology

The study of diseases and how they affect bodily function. It focuses on the mechanisms of diseases, including the cause, the process causing signs and symptoms, and the body's response.

Disease

An alteration in body functions that results in a reduction of capacities or a shortening of lifespan. It can involve any deviation from the normal structure or function of a part, organ, or system of the body.

Syndrome

A collection of signs and symptoms that often occur together and are characteristic of a specific disease state.

Histology

The study of cells and extracellular matrix of body tissues.

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Morphology

The fundamental form and structure of cells and tissues.

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Achalasia

The failure of smooth muscle fibers in the gastrointestinal tract to relax.

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Teratogen

Any substance that can affect the development of a foetus.

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Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

A condition caused by alcohol consumption during pregnancy. It can lead to various physical, cognitive, and behavioural problems in the child.

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What are cataracts?

A clouding of the eye's natural lens that limits light passage, causing blurry or foggy vision, sensitivity to light, halo around light sources, double vision, and brown/yellow tints in objects.

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Who's at higher risk of developing cataracts?

Individuals over 40, those with a family history, diabetes, smokers, long-term corticosteroid users, eye injury, eye surgery, excessive UV exposure, and radiation treatment.

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What is astigmatism?

An eye condition where the cornea or lens has an abnormal curvature, leading to distorted and blurry vision.

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What are the symptoms of astigmatism?

Blurry vision, squinting, headaches, trouble seeing, and eye strain.

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What are the types of astigmatism?

Astigmatism is categorized based on the orientation of the eye's steepest and flattest meridians. Regular astigmatism has perpendicular meridians, while irregular astigmatism has non-perpendicular meridians.

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What is otosclerosis?

Hardening of the ear bones, particularly the stapes, caused by abnormal bone remodeling in the middle ear, disrupting sound transmission.

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What are the causes of otosclerosis?

The exact cause is unknown, but it often runs in families and may be linked to previous measles infections.

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How does otosclerosis affect hearing?

It leads to conductive hearing loss, where sound transmission is hindered from the middle to inner ear, resulting in muffled sounds and difficulty hearing low pitches. In severe cases, sensorineural hearing loss can also occur.

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What is glaucoma?

An eye disease where the optic nerve is damaged, often due to increased pressure inside the eye. This can result in vision loss or blindness if untreated.

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What causes glaucoma?

Excessive fluid build-up and pressure in the eye due to blocked drainage channels or excessive fluid production, damaging the optic nerve.

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What is Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma?

The most common type of glaucoma, where drainage channels are partially blocked, causing gradual pressure buildup and damage to the optic nerve.

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What is Angle-Closure Glaucoma?

A type of glaucoma where the iris blocks the drainage angle, impeding fluid circulation and rapidly increasing pressure.

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What are the risk factors for glaucoma?

High fluid pressure in the eye, diabetes, migraines, high blood pressure, sickle cell anemia, individuals over 60, and family history.

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What is galactosemia?

A rare inherited condition where infants lack the enzyme to process galactose, a sugar found in breast milk and formula. This leads to a buildup of galactose in the body, causing various health problems.

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What causes galactosemia?

A deficiency in the enzyme galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALT), which is responsible for converting galactose into glucose.

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How is galactosemia inherited?

Galactosemia is an autosomal recessive disorder, meaning both parents must carry the mutated gene for their child to inherit the condition.

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What are the clinical signs of galactosemia?

Symptoms appear within days or weeks after birth. They include loss of appetite, vomiting, jaundice, diarrhea, lethargy, liver enlargement, and failure to thrive.

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What are some complications of galactosemia?

Untreated galactosemia can lead to serious complications such as cataracts, liver failure, intellectual disabilities, kidney disease, and even death.

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What is Gaucher's Disease?

A genetic disorder where the body can't break down lipids (fats), leading to their buildup in organs.

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How many types of Gaucher's Disease are there?

There are three main types: Type 1 (most common), Type 2 (fatal), and Type 3 (causing skeletal problems, eye movement disorders, and more).

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What are the symptoms of Gaucher's Disease?

Symptoms vary depending on the type but can include enlarged spleen and liver, eye movement disorders, anemia, bruising, fatigue, lung problems, and seizures.

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What are the treatments for Gaucher's Disease?

Enzyme replacement therapy, medications, bone marrow transplant, surgery, blood transfusions, and joint replacement surgery are some treatment options.

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What is inflammation?

A localized response to tissue injury, designed to destroy the injuring agent, remove damaged tissues, and prepare for healing.

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What causes necrosis?

Necrosis is localized tissue death caused by insufficient blood flow, injury, or disease.

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Define atrophy and hypertrophy.

Atrophy is the decrease in muscle size due to disuse or disease. Hypertrophy is the increase in cell size without replication.

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What is hyperplasia?

An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ.

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What is neoplasia?

The uncontrolled and abnormal division and growth of cells, resulting in a tumor (neoplasm).

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How are tumors classified?

Tumors are classified as either benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous) based on their growth and behavior.

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Diabetic Ketoacidosis

A serious complication of diabetes where the body produces high levels of ketones, leading to acidic blood.

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Diabetic Neuropathy

Damage to nerves caused by high blood sugar levels, often affecting the hands and feet.

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Hypothyroidism

A condition where the thyroid gland doesn't produce enough thyroid hormone.

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Myxedema

A severe form of hypothyroidism characterized by skin thickening, facial puffiness, and extreme fatigue.

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Hashimoto's Thyroiditis

A chronic autoimmune disease that attacks the thyroid gland, causing hypothyroidism.

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Goiter

An enlargement of the thyroid gland, often a symptom of Hashimoto's disease.

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Thyrotoxicosis

A condition where the thyroid gland produces too much thyroid hormone, often a temporary phase in Hashimoto's disease.

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Addison's Disease

A condition where the adrenal glands don't produce enough cortisol and sometimes aldosterone.

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Cortisol

A hormone produced by the adrenal glands, plays a role in energy production, inflammation, and stress response.

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Aldosterone

A hormone produced by the adrenal glands, helps regulate blood pressure by controlling sodium and potassium balance.

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Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

A hormone produced by the pituitary gland, stimulates the adrenal cortex to make cortisol.

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Cushing Syndrome

A condition caused by too much cortisol in the body, often due to tumors or medications.

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Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)

An autoimmune disease where the body's immune system attacks healthy tissues.

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Tinea Corporis (Ringworm)

A fungal infection of the skin that causes ring-shaped lesions.

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Dermatophyte Fungi

A type of fungi that causes skin infections like ringworm.

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What is Gout?

Gout is a type of inflammatory arthritis caused by the buildup of uric acid crystals in the joints, resulting in severe pain, swelling, redness, and tenderness, often affecting the big toe.

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What are the stages of Gout?

Gout progresses through three stages: Asymptomatic Gout (elevated uric acid), Acute Gout (sudden, severe joint pain), and Chronic Tophaceous Gout (urate deposits in joints and tissues).

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What are the causes of Gout?

Gout is caused by factors like high uric acid levels due to overproduction, impaired kidney elimination, high-purine diets, and genetic mutations.

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What is a Malignant Neoplasm?

A malignant neoplasm, or cancer, is an abnormal growth of cells that can invade and spread to other parts of the body.

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What are the main types of Malignant Neoplasms?

The five main types of malignant neoplasms are carcinomas (epithelial cells), sarcomas (connective tissues), myelomas (plasma cells), leukemias (blood cells), and lymphomas (lymphatic system).

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What is Arthritis?

Arthritis is a joint disorder characterized by stiffness, damage, and inflammation in one or more joints, leading to pain, swelling, and burning sensations.

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What is Osteoarthritis?

Osteoarthritis is the most common type of arthritis caused by wear-and-tear damage to the cartilage surrounding joints, leading to reduced friction between bones and pain.

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What is Rheumatoid Arthritis?

Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disorder causing chronic inflammation of joints and other body parts, leading to joint erosion and pain, often affecting wrists, knees, and elbows.

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What is Epilepsy?

Epilepsy is a brain disorder characterized by recurrent seizures caused by bursts of electrical activity in the brain, affecting how it works.

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What are the types of Seizures?

There are two main types of seizures: Generalized seizures affecting both sides of the brain (motor and non-motor) and Focal seizures starting on one side of the brain (aware, impaired awareness, motor, and non-motor).

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What is the function of a phagosome?

A phagosome is a cellular compartment that engulfs and digests microbes and other foreign particles. It uses lysosomes containing antibacterial molecules and enzymes to break down these invaders.

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What are the key elements involved in intracellular killing of pathogens?

Intracellular killing of pathogens involves enzymes (to break down bacteria), defensins (proteins that punch holes in bacteria), and toxic oxygen and nitrogen products (like hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide) that damage pathogens.

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What is exudate?

Exudate is a fluid that accumulates at a site of injury. It's composed of fluid, cells (like white blood cells), and debris. The type of injury determines the type of exudate.

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What is serous exudate?

Serous exudate is watery, relatively low in protein, and contains few cells. It's typically seen in mild inflammation.

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What is fibrinous exudate?

Fibrinous exudate is thick and sticky, containing a lot of fibrinogen. This type of exudate is often seen in more severe inflammation.

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What is suppurative or purulent exudate?

Suppurative or purulent exudate, also known as 'pus', is a thick yellow-white substance containing dead white blood cells, bacteria, and other debris. This type of exudate is characteristic of bacterial infections.

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What is catarrhal exudate?

Catarrhal exudate is found in tissues that produce mucus. Inflammation causes increased mucus production. It's often associated with respiratory infections.

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What is haemorrhagic exudate?

Haemorrhagic exudate is characterized by a large amount of blood. This type of exudate is seen in severe tissue injury that damages blood vessels.

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What is membranous exudate?

Membranous exudate forms on mucous membrane surfaces. It's composed of dead cells embedded in a fibrin-containing fluid.

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What is ulceration?

Ulceration is the erosion of the epithelial surface of a tissue due to injury or inadequate blood supply. It can cause a sore or open wound.

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What is bradykinin and what does it do?

Bradykinin is a naturally occurring peptide released during inflammation. It causes bronchoconstriction (narrowing of airways) and coughing by activating specific receptors.

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What is hyperemia and how does it contribute to redness in inflammation?

Hyperemia is an increase in blood flow to an area. This increased blood flow causes the area to become red, a classic sign of inflammation.

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What are the two main components of healing?

Healing involves regeneration, where the damaged tissue is replaced with the same type of cells, and repair, where the damaged tissue is replaced with fibrous connective tissue (scar tissue).

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What are labile cells, stable cells, and permanent cells?

Labile cells rapidly regenerate, stable cells regenerate if the stromal framework is intact, and permanent cells do not regenerate and are replaced by scar tissue.

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What are the phases of wound healing?

Wound healing has three phases: the inflammatory phase (initial response), the proliferative phase (new tissue formation), and the maturation or remodeling phase (scar tissue strengthening).

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Study Notes

Pathophysiology Exam Study Notes

  • Exam Structure:
    • Section 1: 50 Multiple Choice Questions
    • Section 2: 15 True or False Questions
    • Section 3: 5 Matching Questions
    • Section 4: Essay (20 marks) with 3 sub-questions on Intracranial Pressure.

Mechanism of Disease

  • Disease Definition: A deviation or interruption in body function, structure, or organ system leading to reduced capacity or shortened lifespan. Manifested by signs and symptoms.
  • Pathophysiology: The study of disease mechanisms, including causes, processes, and the body's responses to disease.
  • Syndrome: A set of signs and symptoms that often occur together and characterize a specific disease.
  • Histology: Study of cells and extracellular matrices in tissues.
  • Morphology: Study of the fundamental form and structure of cells and tissues, including anatomical and microscopic changes in disease.

Specific Diseases

Achalasia

  • Failure of smooth muscle fibers in the gastrointestinal tract to relax.

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

  • Developmental disorder caused by maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy.

Meniere's Disease

  • Inner ear disorder causing vertigo, tinnitus, and hearing loss.
  • Linked to fluid buildup (endolymph).
  • Symptoms can last up to 24 hours.
  • Risk factors: age (40-60), female gender, genetic predisposition, autoimmune diseases.
  • Complications: increased risk of falls, hearing loss, mental illness.
  • Diagnosis: hearing tests, MRI, vestibular test battery.
  • Treatment: avoid salt, caffeine, alcohol; diuretics may be prescribed.

Cataracts

  • Clouding of the eye lens, leading to blindness.
  • Caused by clumping of damaged lens proteins, often due to aging, injury, surgery, or UV exposure.
  • Symptoms: blurry vision, light sensitivity, halos around lights, double vision, or color changes.
  • Risk factors: age over 40, family history, diabetes, smoking, corticosteroid use, eye injury, UV exposure, radiation treatment.

Astigmatism

  • Eye condition where the cornea or lens is abnormally curved, causing distorted vision.
  • No known direct cause.
  • Symptoms: blurry vision, squinting, headaches, straining.
  • Diagnosis: visual acuity test, refraction test, keratometry, corneal topography.
  • Treatment: corrective lenses (glasses or contacts), laser surgery.
    • Regular Astigmatism: Principal meridians are perpendicular. Subtypes include with-the-rule, against-the-rule, and oblique.
    • Irregular Astigmatism: Principal meridians are not perpendicular.
    • Accommodation Relaxed: Simple and compound astigmatism subtypes related to hyperopia or myopia.

Otosclerosis

  • Hardening of the ear bone (stapes).
  • Caused by abnormal bone remodeling in the middle ear.
  • Prevents sound transmission from middle to inner ear.
  • Result in conductive hearing loss (muffled sounds).
  • Can be hereditary; previous measles infection could be a factor.
  • Treatment: hearing aids, stapedectomy, supplements.

Glaucoma

  • Eye disease damaging the optic nerve due to increased eye pressure.
    • Primary Open Angle: Most common type; gradual blockage of drainage channels. Vision loss often begins in peripheral vision.
    • Normal Tension: Optic nerve damage despite normal eye pressure; often due to poor blood flow.
    • Angle-Closure: Iris blocks drainage angle, causing rapid increase in pressure.

Galactosemia

  • Rare metabolic disorder preventing galactose processing.
  • Caused by a deficiency in the GALT enzyme.
  • Symptoms: loss of appetite, vomiting, jaundice, diarrhea, lethargy; renal and liver dysfunction; failure to thrive.
  • Complications: cataracts, sepsis, liver failure, intellectual disability, kidney disease, death.
  • Treatment: dietary restriction of galactose.

Gaucher's Disease

  • Genetic disorder impairing lipid breakdown.
  • 3 types: Type 1 (most common), Type 2 (infantile, fatal), Type 3.
  • Symptoms: enlarged liver and spleen, bruising, fatigue, skeletal problems, eye abnormalities, anemia.
  • Treatment: enzyme replacement therapy, medications, bone marrow transplant.

Inflammatory Response and Process

  • Inflammation: Localized, nonspecific protective response to tissue injury.
  • Necrosis: Localized tissue death due to insufficient blood flow or injury-induced degradation.
  • Atrophy: Reduction in muscle size.
  • Hypertrophy: Increase in cell size.
  • Hyperplasia: Increase in cell number.
  • Neoplasia: Abnormal cell division and growth.
  • Tumor Classification: Benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous); classified using TNM (tumor, node, metastasis) and grading systems (1-4).
  • Inflammatory Process Mechanisms:
    • Vascular response: Vasodilation, increased permeability.
    • Cellular response: Leukocyte recruitment (margination, emigration, chemotaxis, phagocytosis).
    • Exudate formation: Different types of exudates (serous, fibrinous, purulent, etc).
    • Healing: Regeneration (cell replacement) or repair (scar tissue).
  • Phases of Wound Healing: Inflammatory, proliferative, maturation.
  • Types of Inflammatory Processes: Acute, subacute, chronic.
  • Bradykinin: Vasoactive peptide in inflammatory processes.

Conditions

  • Stroke: Brain ischemia (inadequate blood flow).
  • Stroke types: Ischemic (thrombotic, embolic), hemorrhagic (intracranial, subarachnoid).
  • Diabetes: Impaired glucose processing due to insufficient insulin.
  • Type 1 Diabetes: Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells.
  • Type 2 Diabetes: Insulin resistance.
  • Endocrine Disorders: Hypothyroidism (myxedema, Hashimoto's Thyroiditis), Addison's Disease (adrenal insufficiency), Cushing's Syndrome (hypercortisolism).
  • Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE): Autoimmune disease impacting multiple organs.
  • Tinea Corporis: Fungal skin infection (ringworm).
  • Gout: Inflammatory arthritis due to uric acid crystal buildup.
  • Malignant Neoplasms: Cancers.
  • Arthritis: Joint inflammation or damage. Osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis.
  • Epilepsy: Frequent seizures due to abnormal electrical activity in the brain.

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Prepare for your Pathophysiology exam with this comprehensive set of study notes, which includes multiple choice, true or false, matching questions, and an essay on Intracranial Pressure. Understand key concepts such as disease mechanisms, pathology, and specific diseases like Achalasia. Master the terminology and applications that will help you excel in your exam.

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