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Pathology Neoplasia: Carcinogenesis and Tumor Effects

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Pathology Neoplasia: Carcinogenesis and Tumor Effects

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Questions and Answers

What are the three classes of carcinogenic agents?

Chemicals, radiant energy, microbial agents

What are the two stages of chemical carcinogenesis?

Initiation and Promotion

What is the difference between direct-acting and indirect-acting agents?

Direct-acting agents require no metabolic conversion to become carcinogenic, while indirect-acting agents require metabolic conversion to an ultimate carcinogen before becoming active.

What are examples of indirect-acting agents?

Polycyclic hydrocarbons, aromatic amines, azo dyes Signup and view all the answers

What is the main cause of carcinogenesis according to the text?

Genetic damage Signup and view all the answers

What is the multistep nature of carcinogenesis attributed to?

Involvement of several oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary target for chemical carcinogens?

DNA Signup and view all the answers

What type of radiation is derived from sunlight and has the ability to damage DNA by forming pyrimidine dimers?

UV rays Signup and view all the answers

What is the essential first step in the process of initiation in carcinogenesis?

Unrepairable and non-lethal DNA damage Signup and view all the answers

What type of UV is carcinogenic?

UV-B Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism by which UV rays damage DNA?

Formation of pyrimidine dimers in the DNA Signup and view all the answers

What provides the best evidence for the increased risk of skin cancer in sun-exposed parts of the body?

Increased risk of skin cancer in patients with xeroderma pigmentosum Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of initiators in the process of carcinogenesis?

Cause permanent DNA damage (mutation) Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of exposure to promoters on initiated cells?

Proliferation and clonal expansion Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of most chemical carcinogens?

Mutagenic Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism by which ionizing radiation can lead to carcinogenesis?

Highly reactive electrophiles interacting with electron-rich sites in the cell Signup and view all the answers