Pathology Lecture 11: Neoplasia
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Questions and Answers

What is the definition of a neoplasm?

  • A benign tumor that is malignant in nature
  • A genetic disorder that affects the formation of tumors
  • A normal tissue growth that is stimulated by hormones
  • An abnormal tissue proliferation that exceeds that of adjacent normal tissue (correct)

    • What is the term used interchangeably with a tumor?

  • Stroma
  • Neoplasm (correct)
  • Parenchyma
  • Oncology

    • What is the study of neoplasms called?

  • Tumorgenesis
  • Pathology
  • Neoplasia
  • Oncology (correct)

    • What is the term for the entire population of cells within a tumor?

    <p>Clone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the stroma in a tumor?

    <p>It carries the blood supply and provides support for parenchymal cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a benign tumor of fibroblasts?

    <p>Fibroma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the cell that has sustained the initial genetic changes in a tumor?

    <p>Tumor-initiating cell (T-IC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of a neoplasm that distinguishes it from normal tissue?

    <p>It is independent of physiologic growth stimuli and inhibitors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that distinguishes between benign and malignant tumors?

    <p>Degree of differentiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the extent to which neoplasms resemble their parenchymal cells of origin?

    <p>Differentiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of anaplastic cells?

    <p>Abnormal nuclear morphology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the spectrum of neoplasm differentiation?

    <p>Differentiation spectrum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a well-differentiated neoplasm?

    <p>Thyroid follicular carcinoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of poorly differentiated neoplasms?

    <p>Barely resemble normal cells of origin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the variations in the size and shape of neoplastic cells and their nuclei?

    <p>Pleomorphism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are malignant neoplasms generally divided based on their degree of differentiation?

    <p>Into 4 categories</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term applied to a benign epithelial neoplasm that forms microscopically recognizable glandular structures?

    <p>Adenoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of tumor arises from or differentiates towards mesenchymal cells?

    <p>Sarcoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a benign neoplasm that forms a macroscopically visible projection above a mucosal surface?

    <p>Polyp</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a malignant neoplasm that arises from or differentiates towards epithelial cells derived from any one of the three germ layers?

    <p>Carcinoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a carcinoma with a microscopic glandular growth pattern?

    <p>Adenocarcinoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of malignant tumor is composed of undifferentiated cells that have no enough microscopic criteria to indicate their site of origin or differentiation?

    <p>Undifferentiated (anaplastic) malignant tumor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a benign epithelial neoplasm producing microscopically or macroscopically visible finger-like projections from epithelial surfaces?

    <p>Papilloma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the deep bluish staining of nuclei due to abnormally high content of DNA?

    <p>Hyperchromatism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio in cells?

    <p>1:4 or 1:6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a benign neoplasm that forms large cystic space (or spaces)?

    <p>Cystadenoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the aberrant distribution of chromatin in malignant nuclei?

    <p>Chromatin clumping</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of atypical mitotic figures in malignant cells?

    <p>They are a morphologic feature of malignancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the disorganized growth pattern of malignant cells?

    <p>Loss of polarity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the large, abnormally shaped cells seen in malignant tumors?

    <p>Cancer giant cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the variation in nuclear shape seen in malignant cells?

    <p>Pleomorphism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of frequent mitoses in malignant cells?

    <p>It indicates high proliferative activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of a mixed tumor?

    <p>The tumor cells undergo divergent differentiation, and are of monoclonal origin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the best example of a mixed tumor?

    <p>Pleomorphic adenoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of a teratoma?

    <p>It contains cells or tissues derived from more than one germ cell layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the alternative name of cystic teratomas?

    <p>Dermoid cysts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct name for a carcinoma of melanocytes?

    <p>Melanocarcinoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of a hamartoma?

    <p>A mass of disorganized tissue indigenous to the particular site</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of a choristoma?

    <p>A congenital anomaly consisting of a heterotopic nest of cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three fundamental features by which most benign and malignant tumors can be distinguished?

    <p>Differentiation and anaplasia, local invasion, and metastasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Neoplasia

    • Neoplasia is a crucial topic in pathology because neoplasms are common and serious diseases.
    • A neoplasm is an abnormal tissue proliferation that exceeds that of adjacent normal tissue and continues even after removing the causative agent.
    • The persistence of proliferation is the result of heritable genetic changes in the constituent cells, making the neoplasm autonomous and independent of physiologic growth stimuli and inhibitors.

    Oncology and Neoplasm

    • Oncology is the study of neoplasms (Greek oncos = tumor).
    • A neoplasm originates from a single cell, referred to as a stem cell or tumor-initiating cell (T-IC), which has sustained the initial genetic changes (mutations).
    • The entire population of cells within any tumor originates from this single cell, forming a clone of cells; hence, tumors are said to be clonal.

    Components of a Tumor

    • Parenchyma: made up of neoplastic cells, determines the biologic behavior of the tumor, and is the basis for naming the tumor.
    • Stroma: made up of connective tissue and blood vessels, vital to the neoplastic cells, carrying the blood supply and providing support for parenchymal cells.

    Nomenclature of Neoplasms

    • Benign tumors: named by attaching the suffix -oma to the cell of origin (e.g., fibroma, chondroma, osteoma).
    • Malignant tumors: follow similar nomenclature rules, with certain additions (e.g., sarcomas, carcinomas, lymphomas, leukemias).
    • Special types of malignant tumors: undifferentiated (anaplastic) malignant tumor, mixed tumors, Teratoma, and Hamartoma.

    Characteristics of Benign and Malignant Neoplasms

    • Three fundamental features to distinguish benign and malignant tumors: differentiation and anaplasia, local invasion, and metastasis.
    • Rapid growth is not a reliable discriminator between benign and malignant tumors.

    Differentiation and Anaplasia

    • Differentiation refers to the extent to which neoplasms resemble their parenchymal cells of origin, both morphologically and functionally; lack of differentiation is called anaplasia.
    • The degree of tumor differentiation is represented by a spectrum, dividing neoplasms into very well differentiated, well differentiated, moderately differentiated, poorly differentiated, and undifferentiated (anaplastic).

    Morphologic Features of Undifferentiated (Anaplastic) Malignant Cells

    • Pleomorphism: variations in the size and shape of the neoplastic cells and their nuclei.
    • Abnormal nuclear morphology: hyperchromatism, high nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio, variations in nuclear shape, and abnormal chromatin clumping and distribution.
    • Abnormal mitoses: large number of mitoses, reflecting high proliferative activity, and atypical mitotic figures (e.g., tripolar, quadripolar, or multipolar mitoses).
    • Loss of polarity: disturbed orientation of the cells, growing in disorganized fashion.
    • Formation of tumor giant cells: abnormally large cells with pleomorphic nuclei.

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    Learn about neoplasia, a crucial topic in pathology, including the definition, characteristics, and study of abnormal tissue growth.

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