16 Questions
What is neoplasia?
An abnormal mass formed by unlimited cellular proliferation
What is the classification of tumors based on?
Tumor behavior and tissue of origin
What is the suffix used for malignant mesenchymal tumors?
Sarcoma
What is the characteristic growth pattern of malignant tumors?
Rapid and expansion
What is the characteristic gross picture of malignant tumors?
Irregular and uncapsulated
What is a characteristic microscopic feature of malignant tumors?
Loss of cellular differentiation
What is a cytological feature of malignant tumor cells?
Pleomorphism
What is an exception to the rule of tumor naming?
Seminoma
What is a characteristic feature of malignant tumors in terms of their mitotic activity?
Increased mitotic activity with abnormal mitotic figures
What is the primary difference between the mode of growth of benign and malignant tumors?
Benign tumors expand, while malignant tumors infiltrate
What is the primary factor used to grade malignant tumors?
Degree of differentiation
What is the purpose of the TNM system in staging malignant tumors?
To assess the tumor size, lymph node involvement, and metastasis
What is the characteristic feature of Grade I (well-differentiated) tumors?
More than 75% of tumor cells resemble normal tissue
What is the primary difference between benign and malignant tumors in terms of metastasis?
Benign tumors cannot metastasize, while malignant tumors can
What is the prognosis of tumors that are Grade I (well-differentiated) and Stage T1 N0 M0?
Good prognosis
What is the characteristic feature of Stage T4 N4 M1 tumors?
Large tumor size with lymph node involvement and distant metastasis
Study Notes
Neoplasia
- Neoplasia is an abnormal mass formed by unlimited cellular proliferation that is not controlled by the body's mechanisms of growth and has no useful function.
Classification of Tumors
- Tumors can be classified into three categories based on their behavior:
- Benign tumors
- Malignant tumors
- Locally malignant tumors
- Tumors can also be classified based on the tissue of origin:
- Epithelial tumors: arise from epithelial tissues
- Mesenchymal tumors: arise from all other body tissues
Naming of Tumors
- Malignant mesenchymal tumors are named by adding the suffix "sarcoma" to the cell of origin (e.g. fibrosarcoma, liposarcoma)
- Malignant epithelial tumors are named by adding the suffix "carcinoma" to the epithelial tissue type (e.g. squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma)
General Features of Malignant Tumors
- Rapid rate of growth
- Irregular shape with ill-defined borders
- Loss of cellular differentiation
- Tumor cells show cytological features of malignancy, including:
- Pleomorphism
- Hyperchromatism
- Increased nucleocytoplasmic ratio
- Increased mitotic activity
- Loss of polarity
- Tumor giant cells
- Highly vascular stroma
- Hemorrhage, degeneration, and necrosis
- Recurrence and metastasis are common
- Malignant tumors are usually fatal regardless of site
Grading of Malignant Tumors
- Grading is based on the degree of differentiation, with resemblance to normal tissue of origin
- Grades:
- I: Well-differentiated (more than 75% of tumor cells resemble normal tissue)
- II: Moderately-differentiated (50%-75% of tumor cells resemble normal tissue)
- III: Poorly-differentiated (25%-50% of tumor cells resemble normal tissue)
- IV: Undifferentiated, anaplastic (less than 25% of tumor cells resemble normal tissue)
Staging of Malignant Tumors
- TNM system classification, based on three factors:
- Tumor size (T)
- Lymph node involvement (N)
- Metastasis (M)
- Tumors that carry the best prognosis are those of Grade I, Stage T1 N0 M0
- Tumors that carry the worst prognosis are those of Grade IV, Stage T4 N4 M1
This quiz covers the concept of neoplasia, types of tumor classification based on behavior and tissue of origin, and characteristics of benign and malignant tumors.
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