Partnerships between Public Research and Private Sector

They permit small NARS to take advantage of economies of ______ and scope

In the case of large NARS they can be a very useful instrument in overcoming bureaucratic constraints restricting them from focusing their efforts on specific development ______

The second potential advantage of regional organizations is to help organize and coordinate the numerous initiatives of outside actors such as the ______, the ARO and individual donors

The third advantage is to address issues and constraints that can only be effectively addressed through regional collaborative efforts, for example the management of natural resources that transcend national ______

There is also scope for increasing the efficiency and impact of donor funding by improving and consolidating donor support to developing-country ______

Funding reform will require the investment of strong political capital and ______

Such partnerships will speed up the commercialization of public research results and products, thereby reducing the time lag between the development and adoption of new technologies. No one yet knows exactly what form these partnerships will or should be taking, given the challenge of reconciling a range of different, sometimes apparently conflicting, objectives. In particular, private-sector entities are legitimately seeking higher profits for themselves, whereas the legitimacy of public research institutions rests on the pursuit of public goods and social benefits (e.g. poverty alleviation, conservation of natural resources, public education, etc.). Fortunately there are already many diverse examples of successful public-private partnerships in agricultural research. These examples provide hope that collaboration is indeed possible and can provide lessons on how such collaboration can be achieved. While private research focuses on high-value crops and patentable technologies, international public-sector research continues to focus on technologies that are national or international public goods. The major challenges of food security, poverty alleviation and resource and environmental sustainability are not restricted to one country or one region of the world. In an increasingly interdependent world, there will be greater opportunities for bilateral and multilateral collaboration to address these national and regional problems.

In particular, private-sector entities are legitimately seeking higher profits for themselves, whereas the legitimacy of public research institutions rests on the pursuit of public goods and social benefits (e.g. ______, conservation of natural resources, public education, etc.).

Such partnerships will speed up the commercialization of public research results and products, thereby reducing the time lag between the development and adoption of new technologies. No one yet knows exactly what form these partnerships will or should be taking, given the challenge of reconciling a range of different, sometimes apparently conflicting, objectives. In particular, private-sector entities are legitimately seeking higher profits for themselves, whereas the legitimacy of public research institutions rests on the pursuit of public goods and social benefits (e.g. ______, conservation of natural resources, public education, etc.).

While private research focuses on high-value crops and patentable technologies, international public-sector research continues to focus on technologies that are national or international public goods. The major challenges of food security, poverty alleviation and resource and environmental sustainability are not restricted to one country or one region of the world. In an increasingly interdependent world, there will be greater opportunities for bilateral and multilateral collaboration to address these national and regional problems.

The major challenges of food security, poverty alleviation and resource and environmental sustainability are not restricted to one country or one region of the world. In an increasingly interdependent world, there will be greater opportunities for bilateral and multilateral collaboration to address these national and regional ______.

There are already many diverse examples of successful public-private partnerships in agricultural research. These examples provide hope that collaboration is indeed possible and can provide lessons on how such collaboration can be achieved. While private research focuses on high-value crops and patentable technologies, international public-sector research continues to focus on technologies that are national or international public goods. The major challenges of food security, poverty alleviation and resource and environmental sustainability are not restricted to one country or one region of the world. ______ will be greater opportunities for bilateral and multilateral collaboration to address these national and regional problems.

There are already many diverse examples of successful public-private partnerships in agricultural research. These examples provide hope that collaboration is indeed possible and can provide lessons on how such collaboration can be achieved. While private research focuses on high-value crops and patentable technologies, international public-sector research continues to focus on technologies that are national or international public goods. The major challenges of food security, poverty alleviation and resource and environmental sustainability are not restricted to one country or one region of the world. In an increasingly interdependent world, ______ will be greater opportunities for bilateral and multilateral collaboration to address these national and regional problems.

Such collaborations offer significant economies of scale and ______, greater accountability for both negative and positive externalities and greater opportunities to exploit recent advances in biotechnology, geographic information systems and communication technologies.

Finally, beneficiaries of technologies must be included as full partners in the system.A demanddriven system implies that the ultimate users of technologies have a strong voice in setting priorities, evaluating the technology and validating the results.The global research system should be at its full efficiency to feed a population that is not only growing in number but also consuming more higher quality and higher value products.Investments in national and international agricultural research should increase in the future.There is a continuous need for new technologies and techniques to be developed to keep pace with the growing demand for food (crops, livestock, fish and forest products) without price increases or deteriorating natural resources and environment.Investments in agricultural research have been, and will continue to be, highly beneficial to society in solving problems of food insecurity and poverty.Research and technology generation are central to achieving the structural transformation of the agricultural sector.Agricultural and rural development in turn is crucial to the overall economic, social, political and cultural progress of humanity.

A demanddriven system implies that the ultimate users of technologies have a strong voice in setting priorities, evaluating the ______ and validating the results.The global research system should be at its full efficiency to feed a population that is not only growing in number but also consuming more higher quality and higher value products.Investments in national and international agricultural research should increase in the future.There is a continuous need for new technologies and techniques to be developed to keep pace with the growing demand for food (crops, livestock, fish and forest products) without price increases or deteriorating natural resources and environment.Investments in agricultural research have been, and will continue to be, highly beneficial to society in solving problems of food insecurity and poverty.Research and ______ generation are central to achieving the structural transformation of the agricultural sector.Agricultural and rural development in turn is crucial to the overall economic, social, political and cultural progress of humanity.

Investments in national and international agricultural research should increase in the future.There is a continuous need for new ______ and techniques to be developed to keep pace with the growing demand for food (crops, livestock, fish and forest products) without price increases or deteriorating natural resources and environment.Investments in agricultural research have been, and will continue to be, highly beneficial to society in solving problems of food insecurity and poverty.Research and technology generation are central to achieving the structural transformation of the agricultural sector.Agricultural and rural development in turn is crucial to the overall economic, social, political and cultural progress of humanity.

Investments in agricultural research have been, and will continue to be, highly beneficial to society in solving problems of food insecurity and poverty.Research and ______ generation are central to achieving the structural transformation of the agricultural sector.Agricultural and rural development in turn is crucial to the overall economic, social, political and cultural progress of humanity.

Agricultural and rural development in turn is crucial to the overall economic, social, political and cultural progress of ______.

Economic reforms including policy changes and trade liberalization will provide a favourable environment for future production increases. However, technology and management innovations are still needed to sustain and increase food production in both high- and low-potential areas, often where natural resources are already under considerable pressure. Science-based agricultural technology, developed through agricultural research, can accomplish these goals provided that substantial investments continue to be made in the agricultural and rural sectors of developing countries generally, and in their knowledge systems specifically, i.e. in agricultural research, education, extension, information and communications systems; Institutions and organizations concerned with the knowledge system are reformed, so that information is widely shared, research priorities reflect the genuine needs of stakeholders, responsibilities for generating and disseminating technologies rest at the level most appropriate to achieve results, and existing resources are used more effectively. Investments and institutional changes are needed first and foremost in NARS. This is true both for developed countries, which generally have a good record in this regard, and for developing countries, some of which have a dismal record in consistency of support to agricultural knowledge systems. No blanket funding recommendation is possible, but significantly increased financial support is needed in many ______.

Economic reforms including policy changes and trade liberalization will provide a favourable environment for future production increases. However, technology and management innovations are still needed to sustain and increase food production in both high- and low-potential areas, often where natural resources are already under considerable pressure. Science-based agricultural technology, developed through agricultural research, can accomplish these goals provided that substantial investments continue to be made in the agricultural and rural sectors of developing countries generally, and in their knowledge systems specifically, i.e. in agricultural research, education, extension, information and communications systems; Institutions and organizations concerned with the knowledge system are reformed, so that information is widely shared, research priorities reflect the genuine needs of stakeholders, responsibilities for generating and disseminating technologies rest at the level most appropriate to achieve results, and existing resources are used more effectively. Investments and institutional changes are needed first and foremost in ______. This is true both for developed countries, which generally have a good record in this regard, and for developing countries, some of which have a dismal record in consistency of support to agricultural knowledge systems. No blanket funding recommendation is possible, but significantly increased financial support is needed in many countries.

Economic reforms including policy changes and trade liberalization will provide a favourable environment for future production increases. However, technology and management innovations are still needed to sustain and increase food production in both high- and low-potential areas, often where natural resources are already under considerable pressure. Science-based agricultural technology, developed through agricultural research, can accomplish these goals provided that substantial investments continue to be made in the agricultural and rural sectors of developing countries generally, and in their knowledge systems specifically, i.e. in agricultural research, education, extension, information and communications systems; Institutions and organizations concerned with the knowledge system are reformed, so that information is widely shared, research priorities reflect the genuine needs of stakeholders, responsibilities for generating and disseminating technologies rest at the level most appropriate to achieve results, and existing resources are used more effectively. ______ and institutional changes are needed first and foremost in NARS. This is true both for developed countries, which generally have a good record in this regard, and for developing countries, some of which have a dismal record in consistency of support to agricultural knowledge systems. No blanket funding recommendation is possible, but significantly increased financial support is needed in many countries.

Economic reforms including policy changes and trade liberalization will provide a favourable environment for future production increases. However, technology and management innovations are still needed to sustain and increase food production in both high- and low-potential areas, often where natural resources are already under considerable pressure. Science-based agricultural technology, developed through agricultural research, can accomplish these goals provided that substantial investments continue to be made in the agricultural and rural sectors of developing countries generally, and in their knowledge systems specifically, i.e. in agricultural research, education, extension, information and communications systems; ______ and organizations concerned with the knowledge system are reformed, so that information is widely shared, research priorities reflect the genuine needs of stakeholders, responsibilities for generating and disseminating technologies rest at the level most appropriate to achieve results, and existing resources are used more effectively. Investments and institutional changes are needed first and foremost in NARS. This is true both for developed countries, which generally have a good record in this regard, and for developing countries, some of which have a dismal record in consistency of support to agricultural knowledge systems. No blanket funding recommendation is possible, but significantly increased financial support is needed in many countries.

Economic reforms including policy changes and trade liberalization will provide a favourable environment for future production increases. However, technology and management innovations are still needed to sustain and increase food production in both high- and low-potential areas, often where natural resources are already under considerable pressure. Science-based agricultural technology, developed through agricultural research, can accomplish these goals provided that substantial investments continue to be made in the agricultural and rural sectors of developing countries generally, and in their knowledge systems specifically, i.e. in agricultural research, education, extension, information and communications systems; Institutions and organizations concerned with the knowledge system are reformed, so that information is widely shared, research priorities reflect the genuine needs of stakeholders, responsibilities for generating and disseminating technologies rest at the level most appropriate to achieve results, and existing resources are used more effectively. Investments and institutional changes are needed first and foremost in NARS. This is true both for ______ countries, which generally have a good record in this regard, and for developing countries, some of which have a dismal record in consistency of support to agricultural knowledge systems. No blanket funding recommendation is possible, but significantly increased financial support is needed in many countries.

Economic reforms including policy changes and trade liberalization will provide a favourable environment for future production increases. However, technology and management innovations are still needed to sustain and increase food production in both high- and low-potential areas, often where natural resources are already under considerable pressure. Science-based agricultural technology, developed through agricultural research, can accomplish these goals provided that substantial investments continue to be made in the agricultural and rural sectors of developing countries generally, and in their knowledge systems specifically, i.e. in agricultural research, education, extension, information and communications systems; Institutions and organizations concerned with the knowledge system are reformed, so that information is widely shared, research priorities reflect the genuine needs of stakeholders, responsibilities for generating and disseminating technologies rest at the level most appropriate to achieve results, and existing resources are used more effectively. Investments and institutional changes are needed first and foremost in NARS. This is true both for developed countries, which generally have a ______ record in this regard, and for developing countries, some of which have a dismal record in consistency of support to agricultural knowledge systems. No blanket funding recommendation is possible, but significantly increased financial support is needed in many countries.

Developing countries often require an investment in their agricultural research system at a level of 1 percent of the value of agricultural output over the short term and 2 percent in the long term. Continued and increased donor support to national programmes is critical, although this might be conditional on adequate country commitment. Greater synergy among donors’ efforts is also critical. Financial support for the international agricultural research system must be strengthened to provide the support needed by developing-country NARS. Investments in CGIAR research should increase to facilitate its mission of promoting sustainable and efficient agriculture for food security, poverty alleviation and environmental protection. Increased funding, while necessary, will not suffice. Investments and changes are also needed concurrently in relevant institutions at the regional, international and global levels. All partners at all levels must seek and develop new relationships and new modalities of collaboration, bringing modern science to bear on problems in poor countries especially. The beneficiaries of research technology must have a strong voice and must be part of the collaborative effort. Taken together, these changes will enable a rapid evolution of an existing, but often nascent, global agricultural research ______.

Existing questions. Do NOT ask these: The third advantage is to address issues and constraints that can only be effectively addressed through regional collaborative efforts, for example the management of natural resources that transcend national ______. The major challenges of food security, poverty alleviation and resource and environmental sustainability are not restricted to one country or one region of the world. In an increasingly interdependent world, there will be greater opportunities for bilateral and multilateral collaboration to address these national and regional ______. In particular, private-sector entities are legitimately seeking higher profits for themselves, whereas the legitimacy of public research institutions rests on the pursuit of public goods and social benefits (e.g. ______, conservation of natural resources, public education, etc.). Investments in national and international agricultural research should increase in the future. There is a continuous need for new ______ and techniques to be developed to keep pace with the growing demand for food (crops, livestock, fish and forest products) without price increases or deteriorating natural resources and environment. Investments in agricultural research have been, and will continue to be, highly beneficial to society in solving problems of food insecurity and poverty. Research and technology generation are central to achieving the structural transformation of the agricultural sector. Agricultural and rural development in turn is crucial to the overall economic, social, political and cultural progress of humanity. Finally, beneficiaries of technologies must be included as full partners in the system. A demand-driven system implies that the ultimate users of technologies have a strong voice in setting priorities, evaluating the technology and validating the results. The global research system should be at its full efficiency to feed a population that is not only growing in number but also consuming more higher quality and higher value products. Investments in national and international agricultural research should increase in the future. There is a continuous need for new technologies and techniques to be developed to keep pace with the growing demand for food (crops, livestock, fish and forest products) without price increases or deteriorating natural resources and environment. Investments in agricultural research have been, and will continue to be, highly beneficial to society in solving problems of food insecurity and poverty. Research and technology generation are central to achieving the structural transformation of the agricultural sector. Agricultural and rural development in turn is crucial to the overall economic, social, political and cultural progress of humanity. There are already many diverse examples of successful public-private partnerships in agricultural research. These examples provide hope that collaboration is indeed possible and can provide lessons on how such collaboration can be achieved. While private research focuses on high-value crops and patentable technologies, international public-sector research continues to focus on technologies that are national or international public goods. The major challenges of food security, poverty alleviation and resource and environmental sustainability are not restricted to one country or one region of the world. In an increasingly interdependent world, ______ will be greater opportunities for bilateral and multilateral collaboration to address these national and regional problems. Such partnerships will speed up the commercialization of public research results and products, thereby reducing the time lag between the development and adoption of new technologies. No one yet knows exactly what form these partnerships will or should be taking, given the challenge of reconciling a range of different, sometimes apparently conflicting, objectives. In particular, private-sector entities are legitimately seeking higher profits for themselves, whereas the legitimacy of public research institutions rests on the pursuit of public goods and social benefits (e.g. poverty alleviation, conservation of natural resources, public education, etc.). Fortunately there are already many diverse examples of successful public-private partnerships in agricultural research. These examples provide hope that collaboration is indeed possible and can provide lessons on how such collaboration can be achieved. While private research focuses on high-value crops and patentable technologies, international public-sector research continues to focus on technologies that are national or international public goods. The major challenges of food security, poverty alleviation and resource and environmental sustainability are not restricted to one country or one region of the world. There will be greater opportunities for bilateral and multilateral collaboration to address these national and regional problems. Such collaborations offer significant economies of scale and ______, greater accountability for both negative and positive externalities and greater opportunities to exploit recent advances in biotechnology, geographic information systems and communication technologies. While private research focuses on high-value crops and patentable technologies, international public-sector research continues to focus on technologies that are national or international public goods. The major challenges of food security, poverty alleviation and resource and environmental sustainability are not restricted to one country or one region of the world. There will be greater opportunities for bilateral and multilateral collaboration to address these national and regional problems. Agricultural and rural development in turn is crucial to the overall economic, social, political and cultural progress of ______. In the case of large NARS they can be a very useful instrument in overcoming bureaucratic constraints restricting them from focusing their efforts on specific development ______. Such partnerships will speed up the commercialization of public research results and products, thereby reducing the time lag between the development and adoption of new technologies. No one yet knows exactly what form these partnerships will or should be taking, given the challenge of reconciling a range of different, sometimes apparently conflicting, objectives. In particular, private-sector entities are legitimately seeking higher profits for themselves, whereas the legitimacy of public research institutions rests on the pursuit of public goods and social benefits (e.g. ______, conservation of natural resources, public education, etc.). The second potential advantage of regional organizations is to help organize and coordinate the numerous initiatives of outside actors such as the ______, the ARO and individual donors A demand-driven system implies that the ultimate users of technologies have a strong voice in setting priorities, evaluating the ______ and validating the results. The global research system should be at its full efficiency to feed a population that is not only growing in number but also consuming more higher quality and higher value products. Investments in national and international agricultural research should increase in the future. There is a continuous need for new technologies and techniques to be developed to keep pace with the growing demand for food (crops, livestock, fish and forest products) without price increases or deteriorating natural resources and environment. Investments in agricultural research have been, and will continue to be, highly beneficial to society in solving problems of food insecurity and poverty. Research and ______ generation are central to achieving the structural transformation of the agricultural sector. Agricultural and rural development in turn is crucial to the overall economic, social, political and cultural progress of humanity. There are already many diverse examples of successful public-private partnerships in agricultural research. These examples provide hope that collaboration is indeed possible and can provide lessons on how such collaboration can be achieved. While private research focuses on high-value crops and patentable technologies, international public-sector research continues to focus on technologies that are national or international public goods. The major challenges of food security, poverty alleviation and resource and environmental sustainability are not restricted to one country or one region of the world. ______ will be greater opportunities for bilateral and multilateral collaboration to address these national and regional problems.

There is also scope for increasing the efficiency and impact of donor funding by improving and consolidating donor support to developing-country ______

Funding reform will require the investment of strong political capital and ______

They permit small NARS to take advantage of economies of ______ and scope

Agricultural and rural development in turn is crucial to the overall economic, social, political and cultural progress of ______.