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Questions and Answers
What should be noted when the name of the original author is subsequently changed?
What should be noted when the name of the original author is subsequently changed?
Which suffix is recommended to denote parasitic diseases with obvious clinical signs?
Which suffix is recommended to denote parasitic diseases with obvious clinical signs?
How should the suffix 'osis' be added to a name ending in 'x', such as Demodex?
How should the suffix 'osis' be added to a name ending in 'x', such as Demodex?
What is the synonym for Toxocara vitulorum?
What is the synonym for Toxocara vitulorum?
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What characterizes a successful parasite in terms of its relationship with the host?
What characterizes a successful parasite in terms of its relationship with the host?
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What is the primary basis for the phenomenon of parasite specificity?
What is the primary basis for the phenomenon of parasite specificity?
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Which factor is NOT mentioned as influencing parasite specificity?
Which factor is NOT mentioned as influencing parasite specificity?
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Which organism's eggs can hatch in various mammalian hosts but only develop into adults in humans?
Which organism's eggs can hatch in various mammalian hosts but only develop into adults in humans?
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How do anatomical factors limit parasite establishment in hosts?
How do anatomical factors limit parasite establishment in hosts?
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What role do isohaemagglutinins play in host-parasite relationships?
What role do isohaemagglutinins play in host-parasite relationships?
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Study Notes
Parasite Nomenclature and Classification
- Subsequent name changes for valid reasons necessitate including the original author's name and year in brackets after the new name (e.g., Ancylostoma caninum (Ercolani, 1859) Hall, 1913).
- Older names are considered synonyms if a parasite's name is changed (e.g., Neoascaris vitulorum is a synonym for Toxocara vitulorum).
- 'Osis' suffix for parasitic diseases is recommended for clinical cases; 'iasis' for subclinical infections is discouraged.
- The suffix 'osis' is added to the full generic name or a higher taxon name or to the genitive (e.g., Hepatozoonosis, Schistosomosis, Ancylostomosis, Babesiosis, Demodicosis). Specific rules apply for taxa ending in 'x' (e.g., Demodex).
- Established names like Malaria, Surra, Myiasis, and Mange should continue to be used alongside the new names.
Host-Parasite Relationships
- Host-parasite relationships involve parasite exploitation of the host, with variable outcomes.
- Parasites may survive, develop, and cause infection/disease.
- Evolution leads to mutual adjustment, potentially limiting infection and making parasites harmless.
Parasite Specificity
- Parasite specificity (host specificity) is a species' adaptability to specific hosts based on compatibility.
- Adaptation arises from long-term evolutionary changes.
- Adaptation is assessed by factors like establishment, number/size of parasites, developmental stage, duration of infection, egg production.
- Some parasites can develop in various hosts, but mature in only one (e.g., Ascaris lumbricoides only fully develops in humans).
- Other parasites have broad host limitations (e.g., Toxoplasma gondii).
Factors Influencing Specificity
- Specificity is influenced by several factors including anatomical, physiological, nutritional, and ecological factors.
- Host anatomy (e.g., intestinal villi length/movements), physiology (e.g., bile composition, temperature), and nutrition can restrict parasite growth.
Parasite Specificity Related to Species/Location
- Host susceptibility and resistance vary amongst species.
- Isohaemagglutinins (antibodies) on erythrocytes confer natural resistance.
- Parasites can be specific to certain tissues (e.g., Eimeria spp. in specific intestine regions).
- Parasites also show localization, affecting particular organs (e.g., Dictyocaulus spp. infect lungs, Paragonimus spp. in dog lungs).
Parasite-Induced Host Damage
- Parasites may cause injury during entry. Hookworms, schistosomes cause tissue and skin damage.
- Blood loss and anemia result from parasites sucking blood.
- Parasites can impact protein metabolism (leading to weight loss), mineral levels, and cause tissue destruction during migration.
- Parasites can affect epithelial cells and microvilli (e.g., coccidia). They remove host fluids (e.g., hookworms).
- Parasites feed on solid tissues (e.g., kidney worms, liver flukes).
- Obstruction of gut lumen or other body parts occurs due to certain parasites (e.g., ascarids, lungworms).
- Parasites destroy cells. They produce toxins causing haemolysis or other effects.
- Host immune responses to parasites result in inflammatory responses. Immune systems are often depressed by parasitic infection.
- Some parasites carry other pathogens.
General Control Measures
- Proper hygiene, excluding contact with infected individuals, balanced nutrition, and clean water are preventative measures.
- Controlling vector breeding sites (e.g., molluscicides/insecticides) is critical.
- Slaughterhouse hygiene and offal/blood disposal are important.
- Animal screening for parasites and prompt treatment are essential.
- Prophylactic treatments are needed, particularly in farms.
- Separating young animals and treating clinical cases are key preventative measures.
- Vaccination where possible is beneficial.
Platyhelminthes (Class: Eucestoda)
- Trematoda (flukes) are a class with a digestive system, commonly parasitic in humans/animals. Divided into Digenea and Monogenea subclasses.
- Eucestoda (tapeworms) lacks a digestive system. Food absorption occurs through the tegument.
- Turbellaria contains primarily free-living species in water or on land. Some are non-parasitic in domesticated animals.
- Cotytoda are tapeworm-like.
Cestode (Tapeworm) Life Cycle
- Eggs/gravid segments are typically found in the feces of infected animals.
- Eggs contain onchospheres, which hatch in the intermediate host.
- Invertebrate and vertebrate hosts are used as intermediate hosts for different species.
- Onchospheres develop into cysticercoids (invertebrate intermediate) or cysticerci (vertebrate intermediate) in different hosts.
- Scolex (head) of the adult attaches to intestinal mucosa.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the nomenclature and classification of parasites with this quiz. Learn about name changes, synonyms, and the correct suffixes for different types of infections. This quiz is essential for anyone studying parasitology or involved in clinical settings.
