Overview of the Respiratory System
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the cricothyroid ligament in relation to the vocal cords?

  • It provides elastic support to the vocal folds.
  • It thickens to form the vestibular ligament.
  • It serves as a point of attachment for the arytenoid cartilages.
  • It connects the cricoid cartilage to the thyroid cartilage and contributes to the formation of the true vocal cord. (correct)

    • Which of the following accurately describes the rima vestibuli?

  • A narrower opening between the vocal folds.
  • The space created by the vestibular folds. (correct)
  • A triangular opening between the true vocal cords.
  • The inferior portion of the laryngeal cavity.

    • What role do the arytenoid cartilages play in laryngeal function?

  • They provide support to the larynx without moving.
  • They can open and close both the rima vestibuli and the rima glottidis. (correct)
  • They are responsible for the lower margin of the cricothyroid ligament.
  • They form the main structure of the vocal cords.

    • Which structure is located between the vocal folds and the inferior opening of the larynx?

    <p>The infraglottic space.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature distinguishes the false vocal cords from the true vocal cords?

    <p>False vocal cords are formed by the thickened lower margin of the quadrangular membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure forms the superior border of the laryngeal cavity?

    <p>Vestibular folds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve is responsible for motor innervation of the cricothyroid muscle?

    <p>Superior laryngeal nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many 'C' shaped cartilage rings are present in the trachea?

    <p>15-20</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the laryngeal cavity is located below the vocal folds?

    <p>Infraglottic part</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the larynx during quiet respiration?

    <p>Air passage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vein drains the right bronchus?

    <p>Azygos vein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which anatomical feature differentiates the right main bronchus from the left?

    <p>It is more vertical and wider</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary arterial supply for the larynx?

    <p>Superior thyroid artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the function of the recurrent laryngeal nerve?

    <p>Motor innervation to all laryngeal muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which area of the larynx is known to be the narrowest?

    <p>Infraglottic part</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cartilage is primarily responsible for the formation of the Adam's apple?

    <p>Thyroid cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cartilage is the epiglottis made of?

    <p>Elastic cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cartilages is NOT a part of the paired cartilages of the larynx?

    <p>Cricoid cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ligament connects the thyroid cartilage to the hyoid bone?

    <p>Thyrohyoid ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the intrinsic muscles of the larynx?

    <p>Controlling vocal cord tension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure of the larynx contributes to the mucosal lining?

    <p>Fibro-elastic membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements regarding the laryngeal cavity is correct?

    <p>It contains both cartilaginous and membranous components.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ligament links the cricoid cartilage to the trachea?

    <p>Cricotracheal ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Respiratory System Overview

    • Major function: Gas exchange (oxygen supply, carbon dioxide disposal)
    • Other functions: Air warming, phonation, some immunological function, some endocrine functions

    Lower Respiratory System

    • Begins with true vocal cords, ends with alveoli
    • Conducting zone:
      • Larynx
      • Trachea
      • Main bronchi (x2)
      • Lobar bronchi (Rx3, Lx2)
      • Segmental bronchi
      • Subsegmental bronchi
      • Bronchioles (no cartilage)
      • Terminal bronchioles
    • Respiratory zone:
      • Respiratory bronchioles
      • Alveolar ducts
      • Alveolar sacs
      • Alveoli

    Larynx

    • Located in the midline of the neck, anterior to the pharynx
    • Mostly superficial
    • Only covered anteriorly by skin, fascia, and infrahyoid muscles
    • Laryngeal opening is behind and below the root of the tongue
    • Part of the respiratory tract
    • Contains vocal cords
    • Approximately 2 inches long
    • Opens into the laryngeal part of the pharynx above
    • Continuous with the trachea below
    • Functions:
      • Air passage
      • Valve to close lower respiratory tract
      • Instrument to produce sound

    Larynx - General Characteristics

    • Cartilaginous skeleton with hyaline cartilage
    • Cartilage of epiglottis is elastic
    • Membranes and ligaments
    • Intrinsic and extrinsic muscles
    • Mucosal lining

    Larynx - Positioning

    • Suspended from the hyoid bone above.
    • Attached to the trachea below by membranes and ligaments
    • Highly mobile in the neck

    Larynx - General Structure

    • Contains a cartilaginous skeleton. All hyaline cartilage except for the epiglottis.
    • The larynx has membranes and ligaments.
    • Muscle tissue is intrinsic and extrinsic in the larynx
    • Mucosal lining is part of the larynx's structure

    Larynx - Cartilages (Single)

    • Thyroid
    • Cricoid
    • Epiglottis

    Larynx - Cartilages (Paired)

    • Arytenoid
    • Corniculate
    • Cuneiform

    Cricoid Cartilage

    • Most inferior cartilage
    • Articulates with the thyroid cartilage and arytenoid cartilages
    • Easily palpable

    Thyroid Cartilage

    • Articulates with the hyoid bone
    • Contains the Adam's apple

    Epiglottis

    • Leaf-shaped cartilage
    • Connected with thyroid cartilage
    • Plays a role in swallowing

    Laryngeal Cartilages Articulation

    • Thyro-epiglottic ligament
    • Links the thyroid and epiglottis cartilages.

    Paired Cartilages

    • Arytenoid, crucial for vocal cord formation
    • Corniculate
    • Cuneiform

    Larynx - Joints & Ligaments

    • Thyrohyoid ligament
    • Cricothyroid ligament
    • Cricotracheal ligament

    Larynx - Ligaments (Fibro-elastic Membrane)

    • Links laryngeal cartilages
    • Composed of a lower cricothyroid ligament and an upper quadrangular membrane

    Larynx - Cricothyroid Ligament

    • Attaches to the arch of the cricoid
    • Extends superiorly to the thyroid cartilage
    • Has an upper free margin
    • Attaches anteriorly to the thyroid cartilage, posteriorly to the vocal processes in arytenoid cartilage.
    • The vocal ligament is the thickened free margin of the cricothyroid ligament.

    Quadrangular Membrane

    • Forms the vestibular ligament underneath the vestibular fold (false vocal cord).

    True & False Vocal Cords

    • False vocal cords are superior to the true vocal cords.
    • True vocal cords are the thickened free margin of the cricothyroid ligament.

    Rima Vestibuli and Rima Glottidis

    • Rima vestibuli: A triangular opening between adjacent vestibular folds.
    • Rima glottidis: A similar but narrower triangular opening between adjacent vocal folds.
    • Both can be opened and closed by movement of the arytenoid cartilages and related fibrous connective tissue.

    Laryngeal Cavity—Parts

    • Vestibule: Between laryngeal inlet and vestibular folds
    • Ventricle: Between vestibular folds and vocal folds located between vestibular and vocal folds.
    • Infraglottic space: Between vocal folds and inferior opening of the larynx

    Laryngeal Cavity

    • Laryngeal inlet: Narrowed opening at the top of the cavity bordered by the epiglottis.
    • Cavity (mid-portion): The upper border is the vestibular folds (false vocal folds), and the lower border are the vocal folds. Trachea is below the cavity
    • Tracheal inlet marks the transition from the larynx to the trachea, inferior to the vocal folds, and the cricoid cartilage

    Larynx - Vascularization

    • Arterial: Superior thyroid (from external carotid), Inferior thyroid (from thyrocervical trunk)
    • Veins: Parallel to Arteries

    Larynx - Innervation

    • Superior laryngeal nerve (branch of vagus): Motor for cricothyroid, sensory above vocal cords
    • Recurrent laryngeal nerve (branch of vagus): Motor for all larynx muscles (except cricothyroid), sensory below vocal cords

    Clinical Issues

    • Vocal cord palsy
    • Aspiration, In case of aspiration, air or food can enter the wrong portion of the body.
    • Cricothyroidotomy—Incising the cricothyroid membrane for emergency upper airway obstruction

    Trachea

    • Flexible tube (10-12 cm long, 1.5-2.5 cm wide)
    • Extends from larynx to sternal angle (T4-T5)
    • 15-20 C-shaped rings
    • Branches into right and left main bronchi

    Trachea Relationships

    • Posterior to superior vena cava
    • Anterior to esophagus and descending aorta

    Primary Bronchi

    • One per lung
    • Boundaries
    • Sternal angle
    • Root of lung
    • "C" shaped cartilage rings

    Right Bronchus

    • Wider, more vertical
    • 5 cm shorter
    • "C" shaped cartilages
    • 20-30-degree angle
    • Foreign bodies more frequently found in the right bronchus

    Right Bronchus Divisions

    • Upper lobar bronchus
    • Middle lobar bronchus
    • Lower lobar bronchus

    Left Bronchus

    • Narrower, more angular
    • Longer
    • "C" shaped cartilages
    • 40-60-degree angle

    Bronchi Vascularization

    • Right: Right bronchial artery (from 3rd intercostal artery)
    • Left: 2 left bronchial arteries (directly from aorta)
    • Veins drain to pulmonary vein or azygos vein

    Bronchi Innervation

    • Sympathetic: From sympathetic trunks
    • Parasympathetic: Vagus nerve

    Clinical Applications

    • Tracheostomy
    • X-ray and Bronchography

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    Related Documents

    Larynx, Trachea, Bronchii Lecture (PDF)

    Description

    This quiz covers the major functions and components of the respiratory system, including the conducting and respiratory zones. It delves into the structure and function of the larynx and how the system facilitates gas exchange. Test your knowledge of respiratory anatomy and functions.

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