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Questions and Answers
Which immune process assists in preparing bacteria for phagocytosis by marking it for engulfment?
Which immune process assists in preparing bacteria for phagocytosis by marking it for engulfment?
What is the primary role of phagocytic cells in the immune response against bacterial infections?
What is the primary role of phagocytic cells in the immune response against bacterial infections?
Which mechanism specifically prevents bacteria from attaching to and colonizing host tissues?
Which mechanism specifically prevents bacteria from attaching to and colonizing host tissues?
What immune response is primarily activated against viral infections?
What immune response is primarily activated against viral infections?
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Which of the following is NOT a mechanism used by the immune system to combat bacterial infections?
Which of the following is NOT a mechanism used by the immune system to combat bacterial infections?
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Which immune response mechanism is primarily responsible for destroying infected cells from within?
Which immune response mechanism is primarily responsible for destroying infected cells from within?
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What is the main role of perforin and granzyme in the immune response against viruses?
What is the main role of perforin and granzyme in the immune response against viruses?
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What characteristic of antigens makes them crucial for the immune response?
What characteristic of antigens makes them crucial for the immune response?
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Which type of immune cells is instrumental in recognizing and attacking virus-infected cells?
Which type of immune cells is instrumental in recognizing and attacking virus-infected cells?
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How does vaccination lead to long-term immunity?
How does vaccination lead to long-term immunity?
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What is the role of opsonisation in the immune system?
What is the role of opsonisation in the immune system?
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Which immune response is considered energetically expensive and can be toxic to the host?
Which immune response is considered energetically expensive and can be toxic to the host?
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Which of the following mechanisms is least effective against viruses once they have entered a host cell?
Which of the following mechanisms is least effective against viruses once they have entered a host cell?
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What types of cells signal immune responses after recognizing an antigen?
What types of cells signal immune responses after recognizing an antigen?
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Which of the following statements is true regarding the difference between bacterial and viral diseases?
Which of the following statements is true regarding the difference between bacterial and viral diseases?
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Study Notes
Overview of Immunology
- Immunology is the study of the immune system.
- The immune system protects against infection with pathogens.
- Students should be able to describe the primary function of the immune system.
- Describe the features of the innate immune system and the adaptive immune system.
- Key resources include Khan Academy and the British Society for Immunology.
Learning Objectives
- Students will describe the primary function of the immune system.
- Students will describe the features of the innate immune system.
- Students will describe the features of the adaptive immune system.
How to Get the Most from the Session
- Take notes, especially of unfamiliar concepts and words.
- Review notes after the session.
- Use recommended resources.
- Ask questions throughout.
- Participate in discussions.
- Ask questions at the end of the session.
Why is Immmunology Important for Dental Professionals?
- Understanding the immune system is important to understand infectious diseases.
- Understanding the immune system is important to understand immune disorders.
Infectious Diseases
- Infectious diseases are caused by pathogenic microorganisms (e.g., bacteria, viruses, parasites, fungi).
- Infectious diseases can be spread directly or indirectly from one person to the next.
- Infection is a major cause of illness and a significant contributor to global mortality.
Immune System Diseases
- Disorders of the immune system are a common cause of morbidity and mortality.
Why Do We Have an Immune System?
- The major role of the immune system is to protect from infection caused by pathogens.
What Types of Pathogens Does the Immune System Protect Against?
- Viruses
- Intracellular bacteria
- Extracellular bacteria, Archaea, Protozoa
- Fungi
- Parasites
Difference Between Viruses and Bacteria
- Bacteria multiply independently.
- Viruses need to be inside a host cell to multiply.
- Viruses need a host cell to cause disease.
Mechanical Immune Defenses
- Lysozyme in tears and other secretions
- Skin and fatty acids as physical barriers
- Commensals
- Bronchial mucus
- Cilia
- Acidic pH in the gut and vagina
- Flushing of the urinary tract
Immune Cells
- The cellular component of the immune system is white blood cells (leukocytes).
- Immune cells recognize infection by microbes.
- Immune cells eliminate microbes and clear up damaged cells.
- Immune cells remember previous infections.
Organ-Based Immune System
- All blood cells are created in bone marrow.
- Primary lymphoid organs include thymus and bone marrow.
- Secondary lymphoid organs include Lymph nodes, spleen, lymphoid nodules, mesenteric lymph nodes, Peyer's patches, and urogenital lymphoid tissue.
- Many immune cells collect in the lymphoid organs.
- Cells circulate through the body seeking infection.
Self vs. Non-Self
- The immune system is designed to differentiate between "self" and "non-self."
- Microbial cells have unique structures not found in the human body.
- Antigens are structures that activate an immune response.
How Does the Immune System Protect from Pathogens?
- The immune system has soluble and cellular defenses.
- Most responses involve elements of both approaches.
Soluble Factors in the Immune System
- Immune defense mechanisms, mostly in blood.
- Mostly needed for defense against microbes outside of cells.
- Examples: bacteria, fungi, and parasites.
Cellular Factors in the Immune System
- Cellular defenses involve cells interacting with one another.
Mechanisms to Protect Against Bacteria
- Phagocytosis (engulfing and destroying bacteria).
- Opsonization (enhancing phagocytosis by tagging bacteria).
- Neutralization (preventing bacteria from binding to tissues).
Phagocytosis
- Immune cells ingest and degrade pathogens.
Opsonization
- Prepares pathogens for phagocytosis.
Neutralization
- Prevents pathogens from binding to cells
- Prevents pathogens and toxins from affecting host cells.
Complement
- A group of proteins that help fight infection.
- Triggers inflammation and attack pathogens.
- Includes alternative, classical, and lectin pathways.
- Results in lysis of pathogens.
Antibodies
- Neutralize, opsonize, and agglutinate.
Inflammation
- Tissue injury triggers inflammation.
- Cardinal signs include pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.
- Blood vessels become leaky, letting immune cells into the infected area.
- Many new immune cells collect at the site of infection.
Dealing with Viruses
- Viruses spend most of their time inside cells; phagocytosis and opsonization are ineffective here.
- Some immune cells effectively kill virus-infected cells.
Specialist Cells Killing Infected Cells
- Killer immune cells recognize infected cells and induce cell death through cell-to-cell contact.
- Signals are released to kill the infected cell.
Antigens and Immune Responses
- The immune system recognizes and distinguishes itself from non-self.
- Antigens are recognized by matching antibodies, and immune cells.
- The body learns to remember and can quickly mount a response when exposed again to the same antigen.
- This process is the basis for vaccination.
Vaccination
- Mimics natural infection, causing immunity.
Immune Defenses in the Oral Cavity
- Defenses include saliva, gingival crevicular fluid, and lymphoid tissues
- Components: Antibodies, lysozyme, lactoferrin, cytokines, complement
Summary
- The immune system is vital for dental professionals to understand various factors like infectious diseases, immune disorders, and pharmacology
- Different microbes cause conditions in differing ways
- The immune system involves primary organs, secondary organs, and factors (cellular and soluble)
- Two main divisions: innate and adaptive
- Oral tissues have unique immune systems.
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Description
This quiz focuses on the essential aspects of immunology, particularly for dental professionals. It covers the primary functions of the immune system, including the innate and adaptive immune systems. Utilizing resources from Khan Academy and the British Society for Immunology will enhance your understanding of these concepts.
