Podcast
Questions and Answers
What are the two bones that the scapula articulates with?
What are the two bones that the scapula articulates with?
The scapula has five fossae.
The scapula has five fossae.
False
Name the two tubercles found on the proximal end of the humerus.
Name the two tubercles found on the proximal end of the humerus.
Greater tubercle and Lesser tubercle
The _____ process is a prominent feature of the scapula that projects anteriorly.
The _____ process is a prominent feature of the scapula that projects anteriorly.
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Match the following anatomical terms to their corresponding features:
Match the following anatomical terms to their corresponding features:
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Which of the following features is NOT part of the scapula?
Which of the following features is NOT part of the scapula?
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The glenoid fossa is part of the humerus.
The glenoid fossa is part of the humerus.
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What is the function of the humerus?
What is the function of the humerus?
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The _____ angle is the highest point of the scapula.
The _____ angle is the highest point of the scapula.
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Which type of section divides the body down the midline between the eyes?
Which type of section divides the body down the midline between the eyes?
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The radius is the medial bone of the forearm.
The radius is the medial bone of the forearm.
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What are the three anatomical parts of the radius?
What are the three anatomical parts of the radius?
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What are the primary surfaces of the shaft of the humerus?
What are the primary surfaces of the shaft of the humerus?
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The radius articulates with the __________ to form the elbow joint.
The radius articulates with the __________ to form the elbow joint.
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The capitulum of the humerus is located medial to the trochlea.
The capitulum of the humerus is located medial to the trochlea.
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Name one common site for muscle attachment on the humerus.
Name one common site for muscle attachment on the humerus.
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Which surface is not associated with the distal radius?
Which surface is not associated with the distal radius?
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The ulna is located laterally in the forearm.
The ulna is located laterally in the forearm.
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The humerus articulates with the scapula, ulna, and the ______.
The humerus articulates with the scapula, ulna, and the ______.
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Name the two prominent projections found at the proximal end of the ulna.
Name the two prominent projections found at the proximal end of the ulna.
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Match the following features of the humerus with their descriptions:
Match the following features of the humerus with their descriptions:
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The radius provides attachment for __________.
The radius provides attachment for __________.
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What type of fracture is most common at the surgical neck of the humerus?
What type of fracture is most common at the surgical neck of the humerus?
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The radial fossa is located posteriorly above the trochlea.
The radial fossa is located posteriorly above the trochlea.
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Match the following bones with their descriptions:
Match the following bones with their descriptions:
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What allows for the pronation and supination movement of the forearm?
What allows for the pronation and supination movement of the forearm?
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What is the shape of the shaft (body) of the humerus?
What is the shape of the shaft (body) of the humerus?
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The ______ groove allows for muscle attachments between the tubercles of the humerus.
The ______ groove allows for muscle attachments between the tubercles of the humerus.
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Which fossa accommodates the coronoid process of the ulna on full flexion?
Which fossa accommodates the coronoid process of the ulna on full flexion?
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Which of the following bones is found in the proximal row of carpal bones?
Which of the following bones is found in the proximal row of carpal bones?
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The hamate is the largest bone in the carpal group.
The hamate is the largest bone in the carpal group.
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What shape is the lunate bone?
What shape is the lunate bone?
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The ___ bone has a prominent tubercle on its palmar surface.
The ___ bone has a prominent tubercle on its palmar surface.
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Match the following carpal bones with their descriptions:
Match the following carpal bones with their descriptions:
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Which carpal bone is described as having a wedge shape?
Which carpal bone is described as having a wedge shape?
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The carpal tunnel is formed by the carpal bones alone.
The carpal tunnel is formed by the carpal bones alone.
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What type of bones are metacarpals?
What type of bones are metacarpals?
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The distal row of carpal bones includes Trapezium, Trapezoid, ___, and Hamate.
The distal row of carpal bones includes Trapezium, Trapezoid, ___, and Hamate.
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Which carpal bone is known for being three-sided?
Which carpal bone is known for being three-sided?
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What is the function of the rounded head of the metacarpal?
What is the function of the rounded head of the metacarpal?
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Each finger has three phalanges.
Each finger has three phalanges.
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How many phalanges are there in total in one hand?
How many phalanges are there in total in one hand?
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The base of the phalanx has a concave ____ appearance.
The base of the phalanx has a concave ____ appearance.
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Match the following bones with their characteristics:
Match the following bones with their characteristics:
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What is a boxer’s fracture?
What is a boxer’s fracture?
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Study Notes
OSTEOLOGY - SCAPULA
- Scapula is a flat, triangular bone located in the back of the shoulder
- It has a head and neck
- It has three processes: Coracoid, Acromion, Spine
- Has three borders: Medial (vertebral), Lateral (Axillary), Superior
- Has three angles: Superior, Inferior, Lateral
- It has four fossae: Subscapular, Supraspinous, Infraspinous, Glenoid
Articulations
- Articulates with clavicle and humerus
- The acromion articulates with the clavicle to form the acromioclavicular joint
- The glenoid fossa articulates with the head of the humerus to form the glenohumeral joint
Fracture
- Fractures are not common due to muscle and thoracic wall protection
- Most fractures involve the acromion, the most subcutaneous part
OSTEOLOGY - HUMERUS
- Long bone
- Functions: Allow movement, Transmits force, Muscle attachment
- Two ends: Proximal and Distal
- Shaft (diaphysis) in between the ends
Proximal End
- Composed of the Head, Neck (anatomical & surgical) and Tubercles (greater & lesser)
- Head is hemispherical, smooth, and rounded
- Anatomical neck separates head from tubercles
- Surgical neck is narrow, distal to the tubercles
Proximal Tubercle
- Greater tubercle projects laterally
- Lesser tubercle projects anteriorly
- They are separated by the intertubercular groove, which gives muscle attachment
The Shaft (Body)
- Cylindrical in shape
- Three borders: Anterior, Medial, Lateral
- Three surfaces: Anteromedial, Anterolateral, Posterior
- Deltoid tuberosity on the anterolateral surface
- Spiral (radial) groove on the posterior surface
Distal End
- Expanded laterally with medial and lateral supracondylar ridges
- Ridges end as medial and lateral epicondyles (muscle attachment)
- Two condyles: Capitulum (lateral, rounded) and Trochlea (medial, grooved)
It has three fossae:
- Coronoid fossa: Anterior, accommodates coronoid process of ulna
- Radial fossa: Anterior, articulates with head of radius
- Olecranon fossa: Posterior, articulates with olecranon process of ulna
Articulation
- Articulates with scapula, ulna, and radius
- Proximal head articulates with scapula, forming the glenohumeral joint
- Distal end articulates with ulna and radius, forming the elbow joint
Fracture
- Most common is surgical neck fracture, especially in elderly with osteoporosis
- In younger people, fracture of the greater tubercle due to shoulder fall with abducted arm
- Body fractures can occur from direct blow or indirect injury (falling on outstretched hand)
The Bones of the Forearm
- Radius and Ulna
The Bones of the Forearm: Radius
- Long bone
- Functions: Stabilize forearm, Muscle attachment
- Lateral and shorter bone of the forearm
- Composed of Head, Shaft (diaphysis), Styloid process
Head
- Small, circular
- Concave upper surface articulates with the capitulum
Neck
- Narrowed, connects head to shaft
The Shaft (Body)
- Cylindrical in shape
- Narrow superiorly, widens inferiorly
- Three surfaces: Anterior, Posterior, Lateral
Radial Tuberosity
- Medially directed, separates the proximal end from the body
Distal Radius
- Expanded, has four surfaces: Lateral, Medial, Posterior, Anterior
- Radial styloid process projects from the lateral side
Articulation
- Proximally with humerus, forming elbow joint
- With ulna at proximal and distal radio-ulna joints, allowing pronation and supination
- With carpal bones (scaphoid and lunate), forming part of the wrist joint
The Bones of the Forearm: Ulna
- Long bone
- Functions: Stabilize forearm, Muscle attachment
- Medial and longer bone of the forearm
- Composed of proximal part, shaft (diaphysis), and head distally
Proximal End
- Two prominent projections: Coronoid and Olecranon processes
- Olecranon process projects proximally from the posterior aspect
The Shaft (Body)
- It has three borders: Anterior, Posterior, Interosseous (medial border)
Distal End
- The head is small, circular, and articulates with the radius
- Styloid process is present on the posterior medial surface
Articulation
- Articulates proximally with humerus, forming elbow joint
- Distally with radius to form a radio-ulnar joint at both the proximal and distal ends
The Bones of the Hand: Carpal Bones
- Eight small bones arranged in two rows
- Proximal row: Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetral, Pisiform
- Distal row: Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, Hamate
Carpal Sulcus
- Concave palmar aspect of the carpus
- Converted into the carpal tunnel by the flexor retinaculum
Articulation
- Proximally with radius to form the wrist joint (radiocarpal joint)
- Distally with metacarpals
The Bones of the Hand: Metacarpals
- Five long bones, each corresponding to a digit
- Composed of Base (proximally), Shaft (body), and Rounded head (distally)
- Bases vary in shape and are distinct
- Shaft is slightly curved with a longitudinal palmar concavity
- Head is smooth and rounded, articulates with proximal phalanx
Articulation
- Base articulates with carpals, forming the carpometacarpal joint
- Head articulates with proximal phalanx, forming the metacarpophalangeal joint
The Bones of the Hand: Phalanges
- Fourteen long bones, three in each finger and two in the thumb
- Each has a Base (proximal end), Shaft (body), and Head (distal end)
- Phalanges of the thumb are shorter and broader than fingers
Articulation
- Base articulates with metacarpal head
- Head articulates with base of next phalanx
Metacarpal Fractures
- Neck of the 1st & 2nd metacarpal: Boxer's fracture
- Heal rapidly due to good blood supply
- Crushing injury: Multiple metacarpal fractures lead to hand instability
Phalanges Fractures
- Crushing injury: Accident, fingers caught in car door
- Painful due to developed nerves
- Distal phalanx fracture often comminuted (broken into multiple pieces) and leads to painful hematoma
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Description
This quiz covers the essential anatomy of the scapula and humerus, detailing their structures, articulations, and functions. You'll explore key features such as processes, borders, angles of the scapula, and the anatomy of the humerus. Test your knowledge on fractures and joint formations in this engaging osteology quiz.
