Organizational Communication Theories Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is a core function of organizational communication?

  • Maintaining strict hierarchies and control.
  • Prioritizing individual performance over team collaboration.
  • Facilitating the exchange of essential information. (correct)
  • Discouraging employee feedback and emotional expression.
  • According to Media Richness Theory, what primarily determines the effectiveness of a communication medium?

  • The speed and cost of the medium.
  • The medium's capacity to handle the complexity of the message. (correct)
  • The level of formality required by the sender.
  • The availability of the medium to all employees.
  • What is a primary distinction between classical and modern organizational structures?

  • Modern structures prioritize adaptability and change, while classical structures resist change. (correct)
  • Classical structures are focused on human relations, while modern structures are task-oriented.
  • Classical structures promote open communication, while modern structures are top-down only.
  • Modern structures emphasize rigid rules, while classical structures are flexible.
  • In the context of organizational communication, what does the function of 'management' primarily involve?

    <p>Directing employee behavior and clarifying roles. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which criteria is NOT described in the Media Richness Theory, to assessing the richness of a communication medium?

    <p>The financial cost to use the medium. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of the 'emotional sharing' function in an organization?

    <p>To allow employees to express their feelings and develop relationships. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic below is MOST aligned with a modern organizational structure?

    <p>A focus on adaptability and flexibility to change. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of 'feedback' in organizational communication?

    <p>To provide performance evaluations and corrective guidance. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of media effects theories?

    <p>Understanding how media content influences individuals and society. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory suggests that media messages are uniformly effective in influencing all audience members?

    <p>Hypodermic Needle Theory. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key assumption of the Hypodermic Needle Theory?

    <p>Audiences are passive and unable to resist media influence. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory suggests that media's influence on audience members is not direct, but rather is a two-step process involving opinion leaders?

    <p>Two-Step Flow Theory. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the central idea behind the Agenda-Setting Theory?

    <p>Media determines what people think about by emphasizing certain topics. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory posits that heavy media exposure shapes individuals' perceptions of social reality?

    <p>Cultivation Theory. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory focuses on the active role of the audience in choosing media to fulfill specific needs?

    <p>Uses and Gratifications Theory. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What purpose do mass communication theories serve for media professionals?

    <p>They provide insights for tailoring content to audience needs. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Agenda-Setting Theory primarily assert about the media's role in society?

    <p>Media shapes public perception by highlighting specific issues. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant limitation of the Hypodermic Needle Theory?

    <p>It assumes all audience members interpret messages identically. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key assumption of Cultivation Theory?

    <p>Television shapes viewers' understanding of social issues. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes Uses and Gratifications Theory from other mass communication theories?

    <p>It emphasizes the active role of audiences in selecting media. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory suggests that media messages are transmitted through opinion leaders?

    <p>Two-Step Flow Theory (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT included in the scope of mass communication?

    <p>Personal communication (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Uses and Gratifications Theory emphasize about the audience?

    <p>Audiences have active roles in seeking out and interpreting media. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the Cultivation Theory explain the impact of heavy media consumption on individuals?

    <p>It indicates that heavy viewers adopt the values portrayed in media. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of modern media theories compared to the Hypodermic Needle Theory?

    <p>Assumption of uniform media influence (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the key objectives of the Uses and Gratifications Theory?

    <p>To determine how individuals use media to satisfy their needs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one outcome of the research conducted by Lazarsfeld and colleagues regarding media influence?

    <p>Interpersonal communication greatly outweighs media influence. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Agenda-Setting Theory primarily focus on?

    <p>How media influences the priorities of the public (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'salience of issues' refer to in the context of the Agenda-Setting Theory?

    <p>The importance of issues highlighted by the media. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic of the Hypodermic Needle Theory has become outdated with modern media?

    <p>Assumption of one-way communication from media to audience (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which role does media play according to the key mass communication theories discussed?

    <p>To influence societal perceptions and set public agendas. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect does the Two-Step Flow Theory introduce to media studies?

    <p>Mediating role of opinion leaders in media influence (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary characteristic of positive outcomes in interpersonal relationships?

    <p>They promote further disclosure. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do cultural norms affect disclosure in relationships?

    <p>Some cultures support privacy while others promote sharing. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a limitation of the theory discussed regarding relationship development?

    <p>It assumes linear progression in all relationships. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes groupthink?

    <p>A situation where harmony is prioritized over critical evaluation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What results from an illusion of invulnerability in groupthink?

    <p>A belief that the group cannot fail. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does mutual sharing play in relationship building?

    <p>It strengthens bonds and builds trust. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which scenario is the concept of groupthink most likely to manifest?

    <p>In highly cohesive groups prioritizing consensus. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a symptom of groupthink?

    <p>Collective rationalization of decisions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a key finding in the research related to the origins of the two-step flow theory?

    <p>Personal interactions had a significant influence on voting decisions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which assumption characterizes the two-step flow theory regarding media influence?

    <p>Media influence occurs indirectly through opinion leaders. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are opinion leaders considered important in the context of media campaigns?

    <p>They shape public opinion through their interpretations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What limitation does the two-step flow theory face regarding opinion leaders?

    <p>It assumes opinion leaders are infallible sources of information. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the two-step flow theory relate to modern social media dynamics?

    <p>It aligns with the role of modern influencers on social platforms. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What implication does the two-step flow theory have regarding audience roles in media consumption?

    <p>Audiences are regarded as active participants in media interpretation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of media campaigns does the two-step flow theory help explain?

    <p>Why some campaigns fail to change attitudes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic of the two-step flow theory contributes to its predictive power?

    <p>It recognizes the complexity of media effects through interpersonal interactions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT a factor that the content discusses in relation to ethical and effective communication?

    <p>Mass media communication (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the guidance provided?

    <p>Promoting effective communication within organizations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ethical and effective communication guidelines are essential for which of the following?

    <p>Successfully navigating professional challenges (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one primary purpose of the recommendations and guidelines mentioned?

    <p>To provide strategies for effective communication (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a focus of the ethical principles discussed?

    <p>Ensuring transparency and honesty (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the nature of communication guidelines provided?

    <p>They are designed to be adaptable to different contexts (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect is emphasized in effective communication?

    <p>The role of emotional intelligence in interactions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of these communication principles, what is a key outcome expected from ethical communication?

    <p>Enhanced relationships and trust (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of normative theories?

    <p>Emphasizing ethical considerations and social values (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the approach of normative theories?

    <p>They provide guidelines based on normative standards and ethical considerations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do normative theories differ from other communication theories?

    <p>They prioritize ethical implications and social norms. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect do normative theories prioritize over other considerations?

    <p>The moral implications and normative standards (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT typically associated with normative theories?

    <p>Scientific quantitative analysis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a central concern of ethical communication principles?

    <p>Guiding how individuals should communicate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which question reflects a primary focus of communication scholars?

    <p>How should people communicate? (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following principles is likely to guide ethical communication?

    <p>Transparency and honesty (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When considering ethical communication, what principle might be prioritized?

    <p>Fostering mutual respect among communicators (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of questions do communication scholars typically aim to answer?

    <p>What principles should guide ethical communication? (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary responsibility of media organizations according to Social Responsibility Theory?

    <p>Serve the public interest and provide fair information (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the role of media as a watchdog according to Social Responsibility Theory?

    <p>To monitor and report on abuses of power (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Social Responsibility Theory suggest about the accuracy of information provided by media organizations?

    <p>Media must prioritize accurate and fair information (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a component of Social Responsibility Theory?

    <p>Promoting governmental control of media (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Social Responsibility Theory view the accountability of media organizations?

    <p>Media organizations should be fully accountable for their actions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do normative theories play in media and communication professions?

    <p>They outline the ethical responsibilities of professionals. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best captures the concept of 'media ethics' as influenced by normative theories?

    <p>The moral principles guiding media practices and content creation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential outcome of not adhering to normative theories in media?

    <p>Erosion of public confidence in media institutions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do normative theories influence media content?

    <p>They establish expectations for ethical storytelling. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements reflects a key characteristic of normative theories?

    <p>They provide guidance on the moral obligations of media professionals. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Self-disclosure

    Sharing personal information with others to build intimacy.

    Reciprocity in relationships

    Mutual sharing that builds trust and connection among individuals.

    Positive outcomes of disclosure

    Encouragement for individuals to share more based on positive experiences.

    Culture's influence on disclosure

    Cultural norms dictate the level of sharing among individuals.

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    Groupthink

    A phenomenon where group harmony undermines critical thinking, leading to poor decisions.

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    Symptoms of Groupthink

    Indicators showing groupthink, like illusion of invulnerability or collective rationalization.

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    Illusion of Invulnerability

    A group's false belief that they are safe from failure.

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    Collective Rationalization

    The tendency of groups to dismiss warnings or opposing views.

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    Mass Communication

    Transmitting information to a large audience via media like TV, radio, and social media.

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    Scope of Mass Communication

    Includes journalism, advertising, public relations, and media production with societal impact.

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    Mass Communication Theories

    Frameworks explaining how information is shared and processed in mass media systems.

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    Agenda-Setting Theory

    Media shapes public perception by highlighting specific topics as important.

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    Cultivation Theory

    Prolonged media exposure shapes viewers' perceptions of reality, especially from TV.

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    Television Shapes Social Reality

    Heavy media consumers adopt values and perspectives seen in media content.

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    Uses and Gratifications Theory

    Focuses on why people choose media and what needs they fulfill.

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    Examples of Media Needs

    Includes information, entertainment, and social interaction as motives for media use.

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    Organizational Communication

    The study of communication within organizations to manage behavior and relationships.

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    Functions of Organizational Communication

    Includes management, feedback, information exchange, persuasion, and emotional sharing.

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    Management in Communication

    Directs employee behavior, clarifies roles, and ensures compliance.

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    Feedback Function

    Enables performance evaluations and provides corrective guidance.

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    Media Richness Theory (MRT)

    Communication effectiveness depends on matching media richness to task complexity.

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    Core Assumptions of MRT

    People seek to reduce uncertainty; media vary in handling ambiguity.

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    Richness Criteria

    Includes instant feedback, multiple cues, natural language, and personal focus.

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    Modern vs Classical Comm

    Modern emphasizes flexibility and human relations; classical focuses on structure and efficiency.

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    Hypodermic Needle Theory

    Suggests media messages are powerful and inject ideas directly into a passive audience.

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    Passive Audience

    The audience is seen as unable to resist media influence.

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    Direct Effects

    Media messages have immediate and uniform effects on all audience members.

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    Two-Step Flow Theory

    Media influences opinion leaders first, who then influence others.

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    Opinion Leaders

    Individuals who interpret and share media messages, influencing others' opinions.

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    Interpersonal Communication

    Direct personal interactions that play a significant role in shaping public opinion.

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    Historical Context of Theory

    Developed from studies on voting behavior in the 1940 U.S. Presidential election.

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    Core Assumption: Media Influence is Indirect

    The media's impact is mediated by opinion leaders rather than direct exposure.

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    Limitations of Two-Step Flow Theory

    Theory may overlook complex modern media dynamics and the reliability of opinion leaders.

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    Implications for Media Campaigns

    Highlights the need to target opinion leaders in campaigns for effective influence.

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    Relevance in Modern Media

    Theory applies to today's social media landscape where influencers play a crucial role.

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    Weakness of Hypodermic Needle Theory

    Ignores audience diversity and overgeneralizes media effects.

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    Interpersonal Communication Impact

    Conversations with friends often influence decisions more than media.

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    Criticisms of Media Effects Theories

    Modern theories challenge earlier media influence models as oversimplified.

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    Ethical Communication

    Communication guided by ethical principles to promote honesty and respect.

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    Recommendations in Communication

    Suggestions or advice provided to enhance communication effectiveness.

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    Guidelines for Effective Communication

    Established rules or strategies that lead to clear and effective interaction.

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    Principles of Communication Ethics

    Fundamental truths that govern ethical communication practices.

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    Impact of Ethical Guidelines

    Influence on communication practices that promotes integrity and accountability.

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    Normative Theories

    Theories that emphasize ethical considerations and social values.

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    Social Responsibility Theory

    Media organizations must serve public interest and provide fair information.

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    Public Interest

    The welfare or well-being of the general public that media should focus on.

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    Accountability in Media

    The responsibility of media organizations to be answerable for their actions.

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    Watchdog Role

    Media's function to monitor and report on power and authority.

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    Accurate Information

    Providing correct and truthful data to the public without bias.

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    Questions of Ethical Communication

    Queries aimed at understanding how people should communicate ethically.

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    Ethical Responsibilities

    Obligations to act in an honest and respectful manner in communication.

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    Role of Media

    Media influences public perception and ethical standards.

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    Media Professionals

    Individuals responsible for ensuring ethical communication practices.

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    Study Notes

    Communication Theories: Overview

    • Communication is derived from the Latin word "communis," meaning "common" or "shared understanding."
    • Communication is defined as a purposeful effort to establish commonness between a source and a receiver.
    • Communication is essential for human survival, analogous to food and water.
    • Communication distinguishes the living from the non-living.
    • Communication involves the transmission of messages from a sender to a receiver.
    • Definitions of communication vary across different disciplines (e.g., psychology, sociology, medicine, philosophy).
    • Examples of communication definitions include sharing and impacting information for clarity and transferring thoughts between individuals or groups.

    Theory

    • Etymology: "Theoria" (Greek) refers to contemplation, observation, or speculation.
    • Evolution of meaning: Initially associated with philosophical and intellectual pursuits, the concept evolved to encompass scientific explanations and empirical testing.
    • Characteristics of modern theories: These are reliable, comprehensive forms of knowledge, and can be tested, supported, disproven, or falsified. They differ from hypotheses that are specific, testable ideas.
    • Theory vs. model: Theories explain "why" phenomena occur (e.g., the theory of gravity). Models simplify complex concepts for visualization and testing (e.g., a toy car representing a real car).

    Communication Theories (Specifically)

    • Communication theories explain "why" people communicate in the ways they do; for example, social exchange theory explains communication driven by mutual benefits.
    • Communication models provide visual or step-by-step representations of communication processes; for example, the Shannon-Weaver Model illustrates how a sender transmits a message through a channel to a receiver.
    • Theories analyze communication motives and impacts; for example, examining communication impacts on motivation, trust-building, and conflict resolution in a work context.
    • Models diagrammatically represent communication's operational steps; for example, showing messages being sent, received, and understood.

    Objective Theories of Communication

    • Objective theories focus on the observable and measurable aspects of communication.
    • Objective theories aim to describe, explain, and predict communication phenomena using empirical data.
    • Objective theories are based on objective truths and universal principles.
    • Examples of objective theories include the "Diffusion of Innovations Theory."
    • Objective theories avoid consideration of personal beliefs or feelings when studying communication.
    • They rely on empirical data collection, experimentation, and scientific analysis.
    • They analyze the mechanics and patterns of communication (e.g., one-way vs. two-way communication).
    • Objective theories assume that universal laws of communication can be discovered through systematic research.
    • They assume that regularities exist in communication behavior.

    Interpretive Theories of Communication

    • Interpretive theories explore the subjective aspects of communication.
    • Interpretive theories focus on how individuals create and interpret meaning within cultural, social, and personal contexts.
    • Interpretive theories study communication as a process of meaning-making.
    • Subjectivity plays a key role in these theories; meaning is not universal but varies across individuals and contexts.
    • Interpretive theories consider the role of experience, culture, and context in the interpretation of meaning.
    • Examples of interpretive theories include Symbolic Interactionism.
    • Interpretive theories understand communication by seeking to understand how individuals interpret media messages.
    • Interpretive theories analyze how culture and experience shape communication.

    Diversity in Communication Theories

    • Communication theories are diverse and rich in ideas.
    • A lack of a unifying canon, or classification system, for communication theories creates organizational challenges for scholars.
    • Communication theories emerge from various disciplines and contexts, leading to a lack of coherence and standardized terminology.

    Four Approaches to Classifying Communication Theories

    • Human Communication Theory (Richmond and McCroskey): Examines rhetorical and relational communication, focusing on influence, persuasion, and relationship dynamics.
    • Historical Origin: Explores the evolution of communication ideas and paradigms.
    • Thematic Domains: Categorizes theories based on overarching concepts like structural/functional, interpretative, and critical theories.
    • Contexts of Communication: Examines communication within various contexts (e.g., intrapersonal, interpersonal, group communication, and mass communication).

    Craig's Seven Traditions of Communication

    • Categorizes communication theories into seven distinct traditions: Rhetorical, Phenomenological, Semiotic, Sociopsychological, Sociocultural, Cybernetic, and Critical.
    • Provides a metamodel to organize diverse communication theories, focusing on the "how" and "why" of human interaction.

    Social Penetration Theory

    • Social penetration is the process of developing deeper intimacy by sharing personal information and becoming vulnerable with another person.
    • The theory draws a parallel between relationships and peeling back layers of an onion to reveal deeper aspects of personality.
    • The key idea is that relationships grow closer as people share increasingly deeper and more personal information.
    • Factors influencing social penetration include depth and breadth of self-disclosure, perceived rewards and risks associated with sharing information, and both individual and cultural norms.
    • Social Penetration Theory has been critiqued for being overly simplistic and potentially overlooking complex relationships.
    • The concept can be used for explaining the evolution of friendships and romantic relationships, workplace communication, and therapist/client interactions.

    Groupthink

    • Groupthink occurs when a group prioritizes harmony, cohesiveness, and consensus over critical thinking and realistic evaluations of alternatives.
    • Groupthink often results in poor or irrational decision-making.
    • Groupthink is characterized by a lack of consideration for alternative viewpoints.
    • Symptoms of groupthink include illusion of invulnerability, collective rationalization, belief in inherent morality, self-censorship, pressure on dissenters, and illusion of unanimity.
    • Consequences of groupthink include flawed decisions, escalation of commitment, increased vulnerability, and diminished creativity.
    • Strategies for mitigating groupthink include encouraging open dialogue, appointing a devil's advocate, seeking external input, promoting critical evaluation, and maintaining diversity within the group.

    Organizational Communication

    • Organizational communication is the study of how communication functions within contexts to manage behaviors, disseminate information, offer feedback, and develop relationships.
    • effective communication within the organization can improve teamwork, efficiency, and performance.
    • Poor communication can negatively impact motivation, performance, and job satisfaction.
    • Organizational communication has different functions, such as management (clarifying roles and directing employee behavior), feedback (evaluating and providing guidance), and disseminating information to improve efficiency.
    • Modern vs. classical communication structures include flexible and formal contexts.

    Media Richness Theory (MRT)

    • MRT proposes that communication effectiveness relies on choosing the medium best suited for the task's complexity.
    • The theory emphasizes matching communication mediums to the task's complexity.
    • MRT has several assumptions: People try to reduce uncertainty, different media have different information-processing capacities, and media richness is measured by instant feedback, multiples cues, natural language, and personal focus.

    Normative Theories of Communication

    • Normative theories prescribe rules and standards of communication ethics and responsible media practices.
    • Ethical standards of communication can help guide media practitioners and media outlets.
    • Examples include Social Responsibility Theory, focused on public interest and accountability; and Authoritarian Theory, focused on governmental control and censorship.

    Mass Communication

    • Mass communication is the process of transmitting information, ideas, and messages to a large, diverse audience through various media channels.
    • Mass media encompasses television, radio, newspapers, social media, and the internet.
    • Mass communication plays a significant role in society by influencing perceptions, behaviors, values, and attitudes.

    Media Effects Theories

    • Media effects theories explain how mass media influence individuals and society.
    • These theories explore the relationship between media and its audience, examining the impacts of media messages on societal dynamics and individual decision-making.
    • Key theories include the hypodermic needle theory, two-step flow theory, selective exposure theory, and others.

    Two-Step Flow Theory

    • This theory proposes that media influence spreads through opinion leaders, who, in turn, influence others through interpersonal communication.
    • Opinion leaders interpret media messages and share their interpretations with others through personal interactions.
    • This theory underscores the importance of interpersonal interactions in shaping public opinion.
    • The theory was developed based on research into voting behavior.

    Selective Exposure Theory

    • Individuals tend to select and consume media content that aligns with their preexisting beliefs while avoiding contradictory information.
    • This involves confirmation bias, a tendency to favor information confirming one's existing beliefs.
    • Selective exposure may contribute to the formation of echo chambers and filter bubbles, which can limit exposure to diverse perspectives.
    • The theory also relates to how individuals avoid cognitive dissonance (psychological discomfort caused by conflicting beliefs and information).
    • Selective exposure impacts audience consumption and understanding of information presented through media channels.

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    Communication Theories PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge of key concepts in organizational communication, including Media Richness Theory and the distinctions between classical and modern structures. This quiz covers the core functions of communication within organizations and various media effects theories. Challenge yourself and see how well you understand these fundamental topics!

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