Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following is a core function of organizational communication?
Which of the following is a core function of organizational communication?
According to Media Richness Theory, what primarily determines the effectiveness of a communication medium?
According to Media Richness Theory, what primarily determines the effectiveness of a communication medium?
What is a primary distinction between classical and modern organizational structures?
What is a primary distinction between classical and modern organizational structures?
In the context of organizational communication, what does the function of 'management' primarily involve?
In the context of organizational communication, what does the function of 'management' primarily involve?
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Which criteria is NOT described in the Media Richness Theory, to assessing the richness of a communication medium?
Which criteria is NOT described in the Media Richness Theory, to assessing the richness of a communication medium?
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What is the main purpose of the 'emotional sharing' function in an organization?
What is the main purpose of the 'emotional sharing' function in an organization?
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Which characteristic below is MOST aligned with a modern organizational structure?
Which characteristic below is MOST aligned with a modern organizational structure?
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What is the role of 'feedback' in organizational communication?
What is the role of 'feedback' in organizational communication?
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What is the primary focus of media effects theories?
What is the primary focus of media effects theories?
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Which theory suggests that media messages are uniformly effective in influencing all audience members?
Which theory suggests that media messages are uniformly effective in influencing all audience members?
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What is a key assumption of the Hypodermic Needle Theory?
What is a key assumption of the Hypodermic Needle Theory?
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Which theory suggests that media's influence on audience members is not direct, but rather is a two-step process involving opinion leaders?
Which theory suggests that media's influence on audience members is not direct, but rather is a two-step process involving opinion leaders?
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What is the central idea behind the Agenda-Setting Theory?
What is the central idea behind the Agenda-Setting Theory?
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Which theory posits that heavy media exposure shapes individuals' perceptions of social reality?
Which theory posits that heavy media exposure shapes individuals' perceptions of social reality?
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Which theory focuses on the active role of the audience in choosing media to fulfill specific needs?
Which theory focuses on the active role of the audience in choosing media to fulfill specific needs?
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What purpose do mass communication theories serve for media professionals?
What purpose do mass communication theories serve for media professionals?
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What does the Agenda-Setting Theory primarily assert about the media's role in society?
What does the Agenda-Setting Theory primarily assert about the media's role in society?
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What is a significant limitation of the Hypodermic Needle Theory?
What is a significant limitation of the Hypodermic Needle Theory?
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What is a key assumption of Cultivation Theory?
What is a key assumption of Cultivation Theory?
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What distinguishes Uses and Gratifications Theory from other mass communication theories?
What distinguishes Uses and Gratifications Theory from other mass communication theories?
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Which theory suggests that media messages are transmitted through opinion leaders?
Which theory suggests that media messages are transmitted through opinion leaders?
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Which of the following is NOT included in the scope of mass communication?
Which of the following is NOT included in the scope of mass communication?
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What does the Uses and Gratifications Theory emphasize about the audience?
What does the Uses and Gratifications Theory emphasize about the audience?
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How does the Cultivation Theory explain the impact of heavy media consumption on individuals?
How does the Cultivation Theory explain the impact of heavy media consumption on individuals?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of modern media theories compared to the Hypodermic Needle Theory?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of modern media theories compared to the Hypodermic Needle Theory?
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What is one of the key objectives of the Uses and Gratifications Theory?
What is one of the key objectives of the Uses and Gratifications Theory?
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What was one outcome of the research conducted by Lazarsfeld and colleagues regarding media influence?
What was one outcome of the research conducted by Lazarsfeld and colleagues regarding media influence?
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What does the Agenda-Setting Theory primarily focus on?
What does the Agenda-Setting Theory primarily focus on?
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What does the term 'salience of issues' refer to in the context of the Agenda-Setting Theory?
What does the term 'salience of issues' refer to in the context of the Agenda-Setting Theory?
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Which characteristic of the Hypodermic Needle Theory has become outdated with modern media?
Which characteristic of the Hypodermic Needle Theory has become outdated with modern media?
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Which role does media play according to the key mass communication theories discussed?
Which role does media play according to the key mass communication theories discussed?
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What aspect does the Two-Step Flow Theory introduce to media studies?
What aspect does the Two-Step Flow Theory introduce to media studies?
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What is a primary characteristic of positive outcomes in interpersonal relationships?
What is a primary characteristic of positive outcomes in interpersonal relationships?
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How do cultural norms affect disclosure in relationships?
How do cultural norms affect disclosure in relationships?
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What is a limitation of the theory discussed regarding relationship development?
What is a limitation of the theory discussed regarding relationship development?
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Which of the following best describes groupthink?
Which of the following best describes groupthink?
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What results from an illusion of invulnerability in groupthink?
What results from an illusion of invulnerability in groupthink?
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What role does mutual sharing play in relationship building?
What role does mutual sharing play in relationship building?
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In which scenario is the concept of groupthink most likely to manifest?
In which scenario is the concept of groupthink most likely to manifest?
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Which of the following is a symptom of groupthink?
Which of the following is a symptom of groupthink?
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What was a key finding in the research related to the origins of the two-step flow theory?
What was a key finding in the research related to the origins of the two-step flow theory?
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Which assumption characterizes the two-step flow theory regarding media influence?
Which assumption characterizes the two-step flow theory regarding media influence?
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Why are opinion leaders considered important in the context of media campaigns?
Why are opinion leaders considered important in the context of media campaigns?
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What limitation does the two-step flow theory face regarding opinion leaders?
What limitation does the two-step flow theory face regarding opinion leaders?
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How does the two-step flow theory relate to modern social media dynamics?
How does the two-step flow theory relate to modern social media dynamics?
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What implication does the two-step flow theory have regarding audience roles in media consumption?
What implication does the two-step flow theory have regarding audience roles in media consumption?
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What aspect of media campaigns does the two-step flow theory help explain?
What aspect of media campaigns does the two-step flow theory help explain?
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What characteristic of the two-step flow theory contributes to its predictive power?
What characteristic of the two-step flow theory contributes to its predictive power?
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Which of these is NOT a factor that the content discusses in relation to ethical and effective communication?
Which of these is NOT a factor that the content discusses in relation to ethical and effective communication?
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What is the primary focus of the guidance provided?
What is the primary focus of the guidance provided?
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Ethical and effective communication guidelines are essential for which of the following?
Ethical and effective communication guidelines are essential for which of the following?
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What is one primary purpose of the recommendations and guidelines mentioned?
What is one primary purpose of the recommendations and guidelines mentioned?
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Which of the following is a focus of the ethical principles discussed?
Which of the following is a focus of the ethical principles discussed?
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Which of the following best describes the nature of communication guidelines provided?
Which of the following best describes the nature of communication guidelines provided?
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What aspect is emphasized in effective communication?
What aspect is emphasized in effective communication?
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In the context of these communication principles, what is a key outcome expected from ethical communication?
In the context of these communication principles, what is a key outcome expected from ethical communication?
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What is the primary focus of normative theories?
What is the primary focus of normative theories?
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Which of the following best describes the approach of normative theories?
Which of the following best describes the approach of normative theories?
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How do normative theories differ from other communication theories?
How do normative theories differ from other communication theories?
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What aspect do normative theories prioritize over other considerations?
What aspect do normative theories prioritize over other considerations?
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Which of the following is NOT typically associated with normative theories?
Which of the following is NOT typically associated with normative theories?
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What is a central concern of ethical communication principles?
What is a central concern of ethical communication principles?
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Which question reflects a primary focus of communication scholars?
Which question reflects a primary focus of communication scholars?
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Which of the following principles is likely to guide ethical communication?
Which of the following principles is likely to guide ethical communication?
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When considering ethical communication, what principle might be prioritized?
When considering ethical communication, what principle might be prioritized?
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What type of questions do communication scholars typically aim to answer?
What type of questions do communication scholars typically aim to answer?
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What is the primary responsibility of media organizations according to Social Responsibility Theory?
What is the primary responsibility of media organizations according to Social Responsibility Theory?
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Which of the following best describes the role of media as a watchdog according to Social Responsibility Theory?
Which of the following best describes the role of media as a watchdog according to Social Responsibility Theory?
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What does Social Responsibility Theory suggest about the accuracy of information provided by media organizations?
What does Social Responsibility Theory suggest about the accuracy of information provided by media organizations?
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Which of the following is NOT a component of Social Responsibility Theory?
Which of the following is NOT a component of Social Responsibility Theory?
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How does Social Responsibility Theory view the accountability of media organizations?
How does Social Responsibility Theory view the accountability of media organizations?
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What role do normative theories play in media and communication professions?
What role do normative theories play in media and communication professions?
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Which of the following best captures the concept of 'media ethics' as influenced by normative theories?
Which of the following best captures the concept of 'media ethics' as influenced by normative theories?
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What is a potential outcome of not adhering to normative theories in media?
What is a potential outcome of not adhering to normative theories in media?
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How do normative theories influence media content?
How do normative theories influence media content?
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Which of the following statements reflects a key characteristic of normative theories?
Which of the following statements reflects a key characteristic of normative theories?
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Flashcards
Self-disclosure
Self-disclosure
Sharing personal information with others to build intimacy.
Reciprocity in relationships
Reciprocity in relationships
Mutual sharing that builds trust and connection among individuals.
Positive outcomes of disclosure
Positive outcomes of disclosure
Encouragement for individuals to share more based on positive experiences.
Culture's influence on disclosure
Culture's influence on disclosure
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Groupthink
Groupthink
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Symptoms of Groupthink
Symptoms of Groupthink
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Illusion of Invulnerability
Illusion of Invulnerability
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Collective Rationalization
Collective Rationalization
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Mass Communication
Mass Communication
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Scope of Mass Communication
Scope of Mass Communication
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Mass Communication Theories
Mass Communication Theories
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Agenda-Setting Theory
Agenda-Setting Theory
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Cultivation Theory
Cultivation Theory
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Television Shapes Social Reality
Television Shapes Social Reality
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Uses and Gratifications Theory
Uses and Gratifications Theory
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Examples of Media Needs
Examples of Media Needs
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Organizational Communication
Organizational Communication
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Functions of Organizational Communication
Functions of Organizational Communication
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Management in Communication
Management in Communication
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Feedback Function
Feedback Function
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Media Richness Theory (MRT)
Media Richness Theory (MRT)
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Core Assumptions of MRT
Core Assumptions of MRT
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Richness Criteria
Richness Criteria
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Modern vs Classical Comm
Modern vs Classical Comm
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Hypodermic Needle Theory
Hypodermic Needle Theory
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Passive Audience
Passive Audience
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Direct Effects
Direct Effects
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Two-Step Flow Theory
Two-Step Flow Theory
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Opinion Leaders
Opinion Leaders
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Interpersonal Communication
Interpersonal Communication
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Historical Context of Theory
Historical Context of Theory
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Core Assumption: Media Influence is Indirect
Core Assumption: Media Influence is Indirect
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Limitations of Two-Step Flow Theory
Limitations of Two-Step Flow Theory
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Implications for Media Campaigns
Implications for Media Campaigns
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Relevance in Modern Media
Relevance in Modern Media
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Weakness of Hypodermic Needle Theory
Weakness of Hypodermic Needle Theory
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Interpersonal Communication Impact
Interpersonal Communication Impact
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Criticisms of Media Effects Theories
Criticisms of Media Effects Theories
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Ethical Communication
Ethical Communication
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Recommendations in Communication
Recommendations in Communication
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Guidelines for Effective Communication
Guidelines for Effective Communication
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Principles of Communication Ethics
Principles of Communication Ethics
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Impact of Ethical Guidelines
Impact of Ethical Guidelines
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Normative Theories
Normative Theories
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Social Responsibility Theory
Social Responsibility Theory
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Public Interest
Public Interest
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Accountability in Media
Accountability in Media
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Watchdog Role
Watchdog Role
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Accurate Information
Accurate Information
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Questions of Ethical Communication
Questions of Ethical Communication
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Ethical Responsibilities
Ethical Responsibilities
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Role of Media
Role of Media
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Media Professionals
Media Professionals
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Study Notes
Communication Theories: Overview
- Communication is derived from the Latin word "communis," meaning "common" or "shared understanding."
- Communication is defined as a purposeful effort to establish commonness between a source and a receiver.
- Communication is essential for human survival, analogous to food and water.
- Communication distinguishes the living from the non-living.
- Communication involves the transmission of messages from a sender to a receiver.
- Definitions of communication vary across different disciplines (e.g., psychology, sociology, medicine, philosophy).
- Examples of communication definitions include sharing and impacting information for clarity and transferring thoughts between individuals or groups.
Theory
- Etymology: "Theoria" (Greek) refers to contemplation, observation, or speculation.
- Evolution of meaning: Initially associated with philosophical and intellectual pursuits, the concept evolved to encompass scientific explanations and empirical testing.
- Characteristics of modern theories: These are reliable, comprehensive forms of knowledge, and can be tested, supported, disproven, or falsified. They differ from hypotheses that are specific, testable ideas.
- Theory vs. model: Theories explain "why" phenomena occur (e.g., the theory of gravity). Models simplify complex concepts for visualization and testing (e.g., a toy car representing a real car).
Communication Theories (Specifically)
- Communication theories explain "why" people communicate in the ways they do; for example, social exchange theory explains communication driven by mutual benefits.
- Communication models provide visual or step-by-step representations of communication processes; for example, the Shannon-Weaver Model illustrates how a sender transmits a message through a channel to a receiver.
- Theories analyze communication motives and impacts; for example, examining communication impacts on motivation, trust-building, and conflict resolution in a work context.
- Models diagrammatically represent communication's operational steps; for example, showing messages being sent, received, and understood.
Objective Theories of Communication
- Objective theories focus on the observable and measurable aspects of communication.
- Objective theories aim to describe, explain, and predict communication phenomena using empirical data.
- Objective theories are based on objective truths and universal principles.
- Examples of objective theories include the "Diffusion of Innovations Theory."
- Objective theories avoid consideration of personal beliefs or feelings when studying communication.
- They rely on empirical data collection, experimentation, and scientific analysis.
- They analyze the mechanics and patterns of communication (e.g., one-way vs. two-way communication).
- Objective theories assume that universal laws of communication can be discovered through systematic research.
- They assume that regularities exist in communication behavior.
Interpretive Theories of Communication
- Interpretive theories explore the subjective aspects of communication.
- Interpretive theories focus on how individuals create and interpret meaning within cultural, social, and personal contexts.
- Interpretive theories study communication as a process of meaning-making.
- Subjectivity plays a key role in these theories; meaning is not universal but varies across individuals and contexts.
- Interpretive theories consider the role of experience, culture, and context in the interpretation of meaning.
- Examples of interpretive theories include Symbolic Interactionism.
- Interpretive theories understand communication by seeking to understand how individuals interpret media messages.
- Interpretive theories analyze how culture and experience shape communication.
Diversity in Communication Theories
- Communication theories are diverse and rich in ideas.
- A lack of a unifying canon, or classification system, for communication theories creates organizational challenges for scholars.
- Communication theories emerge from various disciplines and contexts, leading to a lack of coherence and standardized terminology.
Four Approaches to Classifying Communication Theories
- Human Communication Theory (Richmond and McCroskey): Examines rhetorical and relational communication, focusing on influence, persuasion, and relationship dynamics.
- Historical Origin: Explores the evolution of communication ideas and paradigms.
- Thematic Domains: Categorizes theories based on overarching concepts like structural/functional, interpretative, and critical theories.
- Contexts of Communication: Examines communication within various contexts (e.g., intrapersonal, interpersonal, group communication, and mass communication).
Craig's Seven Traditions of Communication
- Categorizes communication theories into seven distinct traditions: Rhetorical, Phenomenological, Semiotic, Sociopsychological, Sociocultural, Cybernetic, and Critical.
- Provides a metamodel to organize diverse communication theories, focusing on the "how" and "why" of human interaction.
Social Penetration Theory
- Social penetration is the process of developing deeper intimacy by sharing personal information and becoming vulnerable with another person.
- The theory draws a parallel between relationships and peeling back layers of an onion to reveal deeper aspects of personality.
- The key idea is that relationships grow closer as people share increasingly deeper and more personal information.
- Factors influencing social penetration include depth and breadth of self-disclosure, perceived rewards and risks associated with sharing information, and both individual and cultural norms.
- Social Penetration Theory has been critiqued for being overly simplistic and potentially overlooking complex relationships.
- The concept can be used for explaining the evolution of friendships and romantic relationships, workplace communication, and therapist/client interactions.
Groupthink
- Groupthink occurs when a group prioritizes harmony, cohesiveness, and consensus over critical thinking and realistic evaluations of alternatives.
- Groupthink often results in poor or irrational decision-making.
- Groupthink is characterized by a lack of consideration for alternative viewpoints.
- Symptoms of groupthink include illusion of invulnerability, collective rationalization, belief in inherent morality, self-censorship, pressure on dissenters, and illusion of unanimity.
- Consequences of groupthink include flawed decisions, escalation of commitment, increased vulnerability, and diminished creativity.
- Strategies for mitigating groupthink include encouraging open dialogue, appointing a devil's advocate, seeking external input, promoting critical evaluation, and maintaining diversity within the group.
Organizational Communication
- Organizational communication is the study of how communication functions within contexts to manage behaviors, disseminate information, offer feedback, and develop relationships.
- effective communication within the organization can improve teamwork, efficiency, and performance.
- Poor communication can negatively impact motivation, performance, and job satisfaction.
- Organizational communication has different functions, such as management (clarifying roles and directing employee behavior), feedback (evaluating and providing guidance), and disseminating information to improve efficiency.
- Modern vs. classical communication structures include flexible and formal contexts.
Media Richness Theory (MRT)
- MRT proposes that communication effectiveness relies on choosing the medium best suited for the task's complexity.
- The theory emphasizes matching communication mediums to the task's complexity.
- MRT has several assumptions: People try to reduce uncertainty, different media have different information-processing capacities, and media richness is measured by instant feedback, multiples cues, natural language, and personal focus.
Normative Theories of Communication
- Normative theories prescribe rules and standards of communication ethics and responsible media practices.
- Ethical standards of communication can help guide media practitioners and media outlets.
- Examples include Social Responsibility Theory, focused on public interest and accountability; and Authoritarian Theory, focused on governmental control and censorship.
Mass Communication
- Mass communication is the process of transmitting information, ideas, and messages to a large, diverse audience through various media channels.
- Mass media encompasses television, radio, newspapers, social media, and the internet.
- Mass communication plays a significant role in society by influencing perceptions, behaviors, values, and attitudes.
Media Effects Theories
- Media effects theories explain how mass media influence individuals and society.
- These theories explore the relationship between media and its audience, examining the impacts of media messages on societal dynamics and individual decision-making.
- Key theories include the hypodermic needle theory, two-step flow theory, selective exposure theory, and others.
Two-Step Flow Theory
- This theory proposes that media influence spreads through opinion leaders, who, in turn, influence others through interpersonal communication.
- Opinion leaders interpret media messages and share their interpretations with others through personal interactions.
- This theory underscores the importance of interpersonal interactions in shaping public opinion.
- The theory was developed based on research into voting behavior.
Selective Exposure Theory
- Individuals tend to select and consume media content that aligns with their preexisting beliefs while avoiding contradictory information.
- This involves confirmation bias, a tendency to favor information confirming one's existing beliefs.
- Selective exposure may contribute to the formation of echo chambers and filter bubbles, which can limit exposure to diverse perspectives.
- The theory also relates to how individuals avoid cognitive dissonance (psychological discomfort caused by conflicting beliefs and information).
- Selective exposure impacts audience consumption and understanding of information presented through media channels.
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Description
Test your knowledge of key concepts in organizational communication, including Media Richness Theory and the distinctions between classical and modern structures. This quiz covers the core functions of communication within organizations and various media effects theories. Challenge yourself and see how well you understand these fundamental topics!