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Questions and Answers
What type of norms focus on whom to eat lunch with or whether to form friendships on and off the job?
What type of norms focus on whom to eat lunch with or whether to form friendships on and off the job?
High-status members of groups are often given less freedom to deviate from norms than other group members.
High-status members of groups are often given less freedom to deviate from norms than other group members.
False
What can result when status inequity is perceived in a group?
What can result when status inequity is perceived in a group?
Corrective behavior and disequilibrium.
Groups generally agree within themselves on _________________; hence, there is usually high concurrence in-group rankings of individuals.
Groups generally agree within themselves on _________________; hence, there is usually high concurrence in-group rankings of individuals.
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What can be associated with poorer individual performance, lower health, and higher intentions to leave the group?
What can be associated with poorer individual performance, lower health, and higher intentions to leave the group?
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Lower-status members tend to be more active in group interactions.
Lower-status members tend to be more active in group interactions.
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Match the following with their respective influences on behavior:
Match the following with their respective influences on behavior:
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What can be used by business executives as determinants of status?
What can be used by business executives as determinants of status?
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What is a group defined as?
What is a group defined as?
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Formal groups are determined by the organization's structure.
Formal groups are determined by the organization's structure.
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What is the primary reason why individuals join groups?
What is the primary reason why individuals join groups?
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Informal groups are alliances that are neither formally ____________________ nor organizationally determined.
Informal groups are alliances that are neither formally ____________________ nor organizationally determined.
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Match the following types of groups with their characteristics:
Match the following types of groups with their characteristics:
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An airline flight crew is an example of an informal group.
An airline flight crew is an example of an informal group.
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What is social identity theory?
What is social identity theory?
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What is the primary motivation behind people's desire to identify with high-status groups according to the Social Identity Theory?
What is the primary motivation behind people's desire to identify with high-status groups according to the Social Identity Theory?
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The Storming stage of group development is characterized by a great deal of uncertainty about the group's purpose, structure, and leadership.
The Storming stage of group development is characterized by a great deal of uncertainty about the group's purpose, structure, and leadership.
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What is the name of the stage in group development where close relationships develop and the group demonstrates cohesion?
What is the name of the stage in group development where close relationships develop and the group demonstrates cohesion?
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The Performing stage is characterized by the group's structure being fully ______________ and accepted.
The Performing stage is characterized by the group's structure being fully ______________ and accepted.
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Which of the following is NOT a motivation for group membership according to the Social Identity Theory?
Which of the following is NOT a motivation for group membership according to the Social Identity Theory?
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Match the following stages of group development with their characteristics:
Match the following stages of group development with their characteristics:
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The Forming stage is the final stage of group development.
The Forming stage is the final stage of group development.
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What is the primary motivation behind people's desire to identify with groups that share rare or uncommon demographic characteristics?
What is the primary motivation behind people's desire to identify with groups that share rare or uncommon demographic characteristics?
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What is a value system?
What is a value system?
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Values tend to be relatively stable.
Values tend to be relatively stable.
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What is an example of an instrumental value?
What is an example of an instrumental value?
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The desire for personal success is an example of the value of _______________________.
The desire for personal success is an example of the value of _______________________.
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What is the name of the value that represents the desire to be free and independent?
What is the name of the value that represents the desire to be free and independent?
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Match the following values with their descriptions:
Match the following values with their descriptions:
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Values represent what we think is right.
Values represent what we think is right.
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What is the difference between instrumental values and terminal values?
What is the difference between instrumental values and terminal values?
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What is the primary role of values in an individual's life?
What is the primary role of values in an individual's life?
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Values are established at birth and remain constant throughout a person's life.
Values are established at birth and remain constant throughout a person's life.
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What is the difference between instrumental values and terminal values?
What is the difference between instrumental values and terminal values?
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The value system of an individual can be defined as a hierarchy-based ranking of individual's values in terms of their _______________.
The value system of an individual can be defined as a hierarchy-based ranking of individual's values in terms of their _______________.
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Match the following values with their descriptions:
Match the following values with their descriptions:
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What is the primary function of personality?
What is the primary function of personality?
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Values are flexible and can change frequently.
Values are flexible and can change frequently.
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What is the value that represents the desire to protect the well-being of people who are close to the person?
What is the value that represents the desire to protect the well-being of people who are close to the person?
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What represents our patterns of thinking and feeling with no judgement involved?
What represents our patterns of thinking and feeling with no judgement involved?
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Values are established at birth and remain constant throughout a person's life.
Values are established at birth and remain constant throughout a person's life.
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What is an example of a terminal value?
What is an example of a terminal value?
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Value system can be defined as a hierarchy-based ranking of individual's values in terms of their ___________________.
Value system can be defined as a hierarchy-based ranking of individual's values in terms of their ___________________.
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What represents the desire to protect the well-being of people who are close to the person?
What represents the desire to protect the well-being of people who are close to the person?
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Match the following values with their descriptions:
Match the following values with their descriptions:
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Values are flexible and can change frequently.
Values are flexible and can change frequently.
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What is the primary function of values in an individual's life?
What is the primary function of values in an individual's life?
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Study Notes
Social Arrangement Norms
- Focus on whom to eat lunch with and whether to form friendships on and off the job
Resource Allocation Norms
- Include the assignment of difficult jobs and the distribution of resources like pay or equipment
Status and Norms
- High-status members of groups are given more freedom to deviate from norms than other group members
- High-status individuals are better able to resist conformity pressures
- Star athletes, famous actors, top-performing salespeople, and outstanding academics often seem oblivious to appearance or social norms due to their high status
Status and Group Interaction
- High-status people tend to be assertive
- Status differences inhibit diversity of ideas and creativity
- Lower-status members tend to be less active
- Perceived status inequity creates disequilibrium that results in corrective behavior
Hierarchical Groups
- Can lead to resentment among those at the lower end of the status continuum
- Large differences in status within groups are associated with poorer individual performance, lower health, and higher intentions to leave the group
Group Status Criteria
- Groups generally agree within themselves on status criteria
- Managers who occupy central positions in their social networks are typically seen as higher in status by their subordinates
Conflict Between Groups
- Individuals can find themselves in conflicts when they move between groups whose status criteria are different or join groups with heterogeneous backgrounds
Business Executives and Status
- May use personal income or the growth rate of their companies as determinants of status
Social Identity
- People are more likely to notice identities that show how they are different from other groups
- Graduates of prestigious universities will often emphasize their links to their alma maters and make donations
- Membership in a group helps some people understand who they are and how they fit into the world
Five Stages of Group Development
Forming Stage
- Characterized by uncertainty about the group's purpose, structure, and leadership
- Members try to determine what types of behavior are acceptable
Storming Stage
- Period of intragroup conflict
- Members accept the existence of the group but resist constraints on individuality
- Conflict arises over who will control the group
Norming Stage
- Close relationships develop and the group demonstrates cohesion
Performing Stage
- Structure is fully functional and accepted
- Group energy has moved from getting to know and understand each other to performing
Group Definition and Types
- A group is defined as two or more individuals, interacting and interdependent, who have come together to achieve particular objectives
- Formal groups are defined by the organization's structure, with designated work assignments establishing tasks
- Informal groups are alliances that are neither formally structured nor organizationally determined
Values
- Values are people's stable life goals, reflecting what is most important to them.
- Values are established throughout a person's life as a result of accumulating experiences.
- Values tend to be relatively stable.
- Values affect the types of decisions people make, how they perceive their environment, and their actual behavior.
- Values have two attributes: content and intensity.
- The content attribute specifies what mode of conduct is important.
- The intensity attribute specifies how important it is.
Types of Values
- Examples of values people may have:
- Achievement: desire for personal success
- Benevolence: desire to protect the well-being of people who are close
- Power: desire for control over others, attaining power and prestige
- Security: valuing safety and stability
- Self-direction: desire to be free and independent
- Tradition: acceptance of social customs and traditional ideas in a society
Value System
- A value system is a hierarchy-based ranking of individual values in terms of their intensity.
- Values are a judgmental element of what is right, good, or desirable.
- Values generally influence attitudes and emotions.
Personality and Values
- Personality represents patterns of thinking and feeling with no judgment involved.
- Values represent what people believe to be right.
- Values are deeply held principles that guide choices and influence emotions.
Personal Values
- Examples of personal values:
- LOVE: patience, kindness, forgiveness, trust, and selflessness
- INTEGRITY: truthfulness, sincerity, reliability, responsibility, consistency, commitment, and dependability
Instrumental and Terminal Values
- Instrumental values: preferable modes of behavior that result in achieving terminal values (shorter-term goals).
- Terminal values: desirable end states of existence.
Values
- Values are people's stable life goals, reflecting what is most important to them.
- Values are established throughout a person's life as a result of accumulating experiences.
- Values tend to be relatively stable.
- Values affect the types of decisions people make, how they perceive their environment, and their actual behavior.
- Values have two attributes: content and intensity.
- The content attribute specifies what mode of conduct is important.
- The intensity attribute specifies how important it is.
Types of Values
- Examples of values people may have:
- Achievement: desire for personal success
- Benevolence: desire to protect the well-being of people who are close
- Power: desire for control over others, attaining power and prestige
- Security: valuing safety and stability
- Self-direction: desire to be free and independent
- Tradition: acceptance of social customs and traditional ideas in a society
Value System
- A value system is a hierarchy-based ranking of individual values in terms of their intensity.
- Values are a judgmental element of what is right, good, or desirable.
- Values generally influence attitudes and emotions.
Personality and Values
- Personality represents patterns of thinking and feeling with no judgment involved.
- Values represent what people believe to be right.
- Values are deeply held principles that guide choices and influence emotions.
Personal Values
- Examples of personal values:
- LOVE: patience, kindness, forgiveness, trust, and selflessness
- INTEGRITY: truthfulness, sincerity, reliability, responsibility, consistency, commitment, and dependability
Instrumental and Terminal Values
- Instrumental values: preferable modes of behavior that result in achieving terminal values (shorter-term goals).
- Terminal values: desirable end states of existence.
Values
- Values are people's stable life goals, reflecting what is most important to them.
- Values are established throughout a person's life as a result of accumulating experiences.
- Values tend to be relatively stable.
- Values affect the types of decisions people make, how they perceive their environment, and their actual behavior.
- Values have two attributes: content and intensity.
- The content attribute specifies what mode of conduct is important.
- The intensity attribute specifies how important it is.
Types of Values
- Examples of values people may have:
- Achievement: desire for personal success
- Benevolence: desire to protect the well-being of people who are close
- Power: desire for control over others, attaining power and prestige
- Security: valuing safety and stability
- Self-direction: desire to be free and independent
- Tradition: acceptance of social customs and traditional ideas in a society
Value System
- A value system is a hierarchy-based ranking of individual values in terms of their intensity.
- Values are a judgmental element of what is right, good, or desirable.
- Values generally influence attitudes and emotions.
Personality and Values
- Personality represents patterns of thinking and feeling with no judgment involved.
- Values represent what people believe to be right.
- Values are deeply held principles that guide choices and influence emotions.
Personal Values
- Examples of personal values:
- LOVE: patience, kindness, forgiveness, trust, and selflessness
- INTEGRITY: truthfulness, sincerity, reliability, responsibility, consistency, commitment, and dependability
Instrumental and Terminal Values
- Instrumental values: preferable modes of behavior that result in achieving terminal values (shorter-term goals).
- Terminal values: desirable end states of existence.
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Description
This quiz explores how norms and status influence an individual's behavior in organizations, including how high-status members are given more freedom to deviate from norms.
