Organizational Behavior: Attitudes and Job Satisfaction
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Questions and Answers

What is the affective component of an attitude?

  • A description of or belief in the way things are
  • An intention to behave a certain way towards someone or something
  • An emotional or feeling segment of an attitude (correct)
  • A combination of all of the above

    • What are the three components of an attitude?

  • Beliefs, values, attitudes
  • Cognitive, affective, behavioral
  • Perception, attitude, behavior
  • Cognition, affect, behavior (correct)

    • How do the three components of an attitude relate to each other?

  • Cognition, affect, and behavior are intertwined and can influence each other. (correct)
  • Cognition, affect, and behavior are separate and distinct.
  • Affect and behavior cause cognition.
  • Cognition and behavior cause affect.

    • Why are attitudes important in organizations?

    <p>They can influence employee behavior and performance. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the text suggest about the relationship between prior cognition and behavior and affect in the context of organizational commitment?

    <p>Prior cognition and behavior are both causes of affect in organizational commitment. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two popular approaches to measuring job satisfaction?

    <p>Single global rating and summation of job facets (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can managers use the summation of job facets method to improve job satisfaction?

    <p>By identifying and addressing specific job-related issues (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason cited for the drop in job satisfaction levels in the United States in late 2007?

    <p>The economic contraction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the text suggest about the consistency of job satisfaction levels over time?

    <p>Job satisfaction levels are typically consistent but can be affected by significant events. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is TRUE about the relationship between job satisfaction and organizational commitment?

    <p>Job satisfaction and organizational commitment are interconnected and can influence each other. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key factor in understanding the formation and change of organizational commitment?

    <p>Employee attitudes and behaviors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important for organizations to understand the factors that contribute to job satisfaction?

    <p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main takeaway from the study mentioned in the Netherlands regarding organizational commitment and affect?

    <p>Prior cognition and behavior influence affect in the context of organizational commitment. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key difference between the single global rating and summation of job facets methods of measuring job satisfaction?

    <p>The summation of job facets method provides a more specific assessment of job satisfaction than the single global rating method. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main argument presented in the text regarding the effectiveness of the single global rating and summation of job facets methods?

    <p>Both methods have their own strengths and weaknesses and are equally valid. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the passage, what is a common characteristic of extraverted individuals?

    <p>They are outgoing and sociable. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a personality type described in the passage, known for being visionary and driven?

    <p>INTJ (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key difference between the MBTI and the Big Five Personality Model?

    <p>The Big Five Model is supported by more research. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a problem mentioned in the passage regarding the MBTI?

    <p>It does not adequately measure personality dimensions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the Big Five personality dimensions is associated with personal consistency and reliability?

    <p>Conscientiousness (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the passage, individuals with high emotional stability are more likely to be:

    <p>Calm and self-confident (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the opposite of emotional stability?

    <p>Neuroticism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the Big Five personality dimensions refers to a person's ability to handle stress?

    <p>Emotional stability (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic typically associated with individuals who score high on extraversion?

    <p>Gregarious and assertive (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Individuals who are open to experience are more likely to be:

    <p>Creative and curious (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the Big Five personality dimensions is associated with a person's propensity to defer to others?

    <p>Agreeableness (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common characteristic of individuals who score low on agreeableness?

    <p>Cold and antagonistic (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant advantage of using The Big Five Personality Model when evaluating job candidates?

    <p>It is more accurate in predicting job performance compared to the MBTI. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the passage, what is the main reason why managers should consider using the Big Five model over the MBTI for job selection?

    <p>The Big Five model has better predictive validity for job performance. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on the passage, which of the following best describes the personality of Mary Barra, the CEO of General Motors?

    <p>She exhibits a unique combination of strong traits across all the Big Five dimensions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two most common MBTI types, according to the text?

    <p>ISFJ and ISTJ (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Big Five personality trait is most strongly associated with reduced burnout and intentions to quit?

    <p>Emotional Stability (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which personality trait is most likely to lead to higher job knowledge?

    <p>Conscientiousness (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which personality trait is most strongly associated with leadership emergence and behaviors in groups?

    <p>Extraversion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which personality trait is most likely to be linked to lower levels of career success?

    <p>Agreeableness (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which personality trait is associated with reduced work-family conflict?

    <p>Emotional Stability (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which personality trait is most likely to engage in Organizational Citizenship Behaviors (OCBs)?

    <p>Conscientiousness (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which personality trait is associated with increased creativity and innovation?

    <p>Openness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which personality trait is associated with less susceptibility to performance decline over time?

    <p>Openness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which personality trait is associated with higher levels of job satisfaction?

    <p>Extraversion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which personality trait is associated with increased likelihood of engaging in counterproductive work behaviors (CWBs)?

    <p>Agreeableness (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which personality trait is associated with better performance in jobs requiring interpersonal interaction?

    <p>Extraversion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which personality trait is associated with better adaptability to organizational change?

    <p>Openness (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which personality trait is most strongly associated with life satisfaction?

    <p>Emotional Stability (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which personality trait is least likely to engage in counterproductive work behaviors (CWBs)?

    <p>Conscientiousness (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which personality trait is associated with higher levels of persistence, attention to detail, and setting high standards?

    <p>Conscientiousness (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the provided text, what is a common consequence of responding too favorably to personality tests?

    <p>It can result in being flagged by &quot;lie scales&quot; used by some organizations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key point emphasized regarding the importance of honesty when taking personality tests?

    <p>Honesty enables a more authentic and ethical hiring process. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary argument made about the influence of heredity on personality?

    <p>Heredity plays a significant role in shaping an individual's personality, but the environment also contributes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of personality assessments, what does the term "lie scale" refer to?

    <p>A set of questions designed to detect individuals who are exaggerating their positive personality traits. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a factor influencing personality development?

    <p>Early childhood experiences (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of using personality frameworks?

    <p>To predict and understand individual behavior. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following traits is considered less desirable for jobs that require a competitive nature?

    <p>Agreeableness (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main objective of personality assessments in the context of job recruitment?

    <p>To determine the individual's compatibility with the specific job role and the organizational culture. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the key advantages of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)?

    <p>It is relatively easy to administer and understand, making it accessible for a wide range of applications. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended approach to personality assessments from an ethical standpoint?

    <p>Respond truthfully and authentically, representing your genuine personality and traits. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a personality trait commonly associated with Richard Branson?

    <p>Introverted (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the text suggest regarding personality stability over time?

    <p>Personality is more malleable in adolescence and becomes more stable in adulthood. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the text suggest about the relationship between personality and job performance?

    <p>Different job roles may require different personality traits for optimal performance. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the concept of "personality traits" as defined in the text?

    <p>Enduring characteristics that describe an individual's behavior across various situations. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary distinction between the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) and the Big Five Personality Model?

    <p>The MBTI focuses on identifying specific personality types, while the Big Five model explores a wider range of personality traits. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic typically associated with psychopathy, as defined in the OB context?

    <p>High levels of creativity and originality (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential downside to individuals who score high on psychopathy in an organizational setting?

    <p>All of the above are potential downsides. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following 'Dark Triad' traits is characterized by low self-esteem and unpredictable behavior in the workplace?

    <p>Borderline (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential benefit associated with 'Schizotypal' individuals in the workplace?

    <p>They may exhibit high levels of creativity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which personality trait is described as an individual's ability to adapt their behavior to external situations?

    <p>Self-monitoring (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of individuals with high core self-evaluations (CSEs)?

    <p>They often view themselves as effective and in control of their environment. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential drawback of having excessively high core self-evaluations (CSEs)?

    <p>It can lead to decreased popularity among coworkers. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a potential outcome associated with individuals possessing high core self-evaluations (CSEs)?

    <p>Enhanced ability to handle stressful situations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential benefit of high self-monitoring in the workplace?

    <p>It can facilitate smoother adaptation to changing work demands and expectations. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes individuals with low self-monitoring?

    <p>They exhibit consistent behavior across different situations, regardless of context. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common misconception about individuals with high core self-evaluations (CSEs)?

    <p>They are more likely to be perceived as approachable and likable by others. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The text mentions that Blake Mycoskie, the founder of TOMS Shoes, exemplifies the benefits of high core self-evaluations. What is the key takeaway from this example?

    <p>High CSEs can empower individuals to pursue and achieve ambitious goals. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key difference between individuals with high and low self-monitoring?

    <p>High self-monitors are more adaptable to changing situations, while low self-monitors tend to behave consistently. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of low self-monitoring in the workplace?

    <p>It can create interpersonal conflicts due to a lack of adaptability. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common characteristic of a 'proactive personality'?

    <p>Adapting their behavior based on external cues and situational demands. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it essential to consider personality traits in the context of organizational behavior?

    <p>Personality traits can shed light on individual differences and potential strengths and weaknesses. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the information provided, which of these components represents the emotional aspect of an attitude?

    <p>Affect (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the provided text describe the relationship between cognition and affect?

    <p>Cognition and affect are intertwined, often occurring simultaneously. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these statements best exemplifies the behavioral component of an attitude?

    <p>I am going to apply for a new job. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to understand the three components of attitude, according to the provided text?

    <p>To predict individual behavior and understand its motivations. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the text suggest is the main reason for focusing on attitudes in organizational contexts?

    <p>To understand and predict employee behavior, such as turnover. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these examples best illustrates the concept of attitude as described in the text?

    <p>A customer is unhappy with a product and complains to the company. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the provided text, what can be inferred about the relationship between attitudes and behavior?

    <p>Behavior can be influenced by attitudes, but other factors also play a role. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on the information provided, which of these statements would most likely be considered the cognitive component of an attitude towards a specific task?

    <p>I think this task is unnecessary and boring. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor is least likely to influence an individual's commitment to a goal?

    <p>Competing personal interests (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which task characteristics are important in influencing goal-performance relationships?

    <p>Tasks that are simple and independent (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which cultural context may assigned goals lead to higher commitment?

    <p>High power-distance cultures (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of participative goal setting on individuals compared to assigned goals?

    <p>Results in more achievable goals (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is essential for an individual to understand in absence of participation in goal setting?

    <p>The goal's purpose and importance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the relationship between goal abandonment and self-affirmation?

    <p>Self-affirmation may lead to a higher rate of goal abandonment after failure. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What potential advantage does participative goal setting have for team outcomes?

    <p>It enhances group cohesion and communication. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following influences how specific and difficult individual goals may motivate in different cultures?

    <p>The level of individualism in the culture (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary criticism of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory?

    <p>It has been infrequently researched since the 1960s. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is NOT considered a hygiene factor in Herzberg's two-factor theory?

    <p>Recognition (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Herzberg, what is the opposite of job satisfaction?

    <p>No satisfaction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which level of Maslow's hierarchy includes the need for safety and security?

    <p>Safety-security needs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of personality is being increasingly linked to employability and job search success?

    <p>Proactivity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Herzberg find to be a common attribute of individuals who experience job satisfaction?

    <p>Intrinsic factors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which need level in Maslow's hierarchy is primarily concerned with self-fulfillment?

    <p>Self-actualization needs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Herzberg's theory suggests that eliminating job dissatisfaction will:

    <p>Lead to a neutral work environment. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of factors does Herzberg identify that can lead to job dissatisfaction?

    <p>Hygiene factors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does intrinsic motivation play in Herzberg's theory?

    <p>It is a key component of job satisfaction. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which context did Herzberg's work on motivation have significant influence?

    <p>Asian countries (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The term 'motivation-hygiene theory' is another name for which concept?

    <p>Two-factor theory (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a newly proposed need in Maslow's theory?

    <p>Intrinsic values (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is Maslow’s hierarchy typically visually represented?

    <p>As a pyramid (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key concept of self-determination theory regarding motivation?

    <p>People desire to feel control over their actions in a motivating context. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the relationship between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation according to self-determination theory?

    <p>Intrinsic motivation is often independent of extrinsic incentives. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does cognitive evaluation theory suggest about extrinsic rewards?

    <p>They can reduce intrinsic interest in tasks. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to self-determination theory, which need is most relevant for achieving positive outcomes?

    <p>Need for autonomy. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is self-concordance in the context of goal achievement?

    <p>The alignment of personal interests with the reasons for pursuing goals. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a likely effect of transitioning from a volunteer position to a paid role, as illustrated by Marcia's example?

    <p>Decreased enjoyment of the task. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Dan Ariely's research suggest about moral decision-making?

    <p>Considering moral implications can enhance motivation for ethical choices. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In research on motivation, what does a high degree of neuroticism tend to affect?

    <p>It prevents fulfillment of the need for affiliation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one challenge associated with applying contemporary theories of motivation in practice?

    <p>Employee needs and motivations cannot always be easily isolated. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following better predicts job satisfaction according to self-concordance?

    <p>Intrinsic motivation in pursuing goals. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common realization about providing extrinsic incentives in a workplace?

    <p>They can sometimes backfire by reducing intrinsic motivation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has recent research indicated about the effects of intrinsic motivation and performance metrics?

    <p>Intrinsic motivation is a stronger predictor of quality work than incentives. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    One reason self-determination theory is widely applicable is due to its relevance in which of the following fields?

    <p>Psychology and management. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of McClelland's theory of needs?

    <p>Achievement motivation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do high achievers generally perceive their probability of success?

    <p>Around 0.5 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which need focuses on the desire for interpersonal relationships according to McClelland's theory?

    <p>Need for affiliation (nAff) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of environment do employees with a high need for achievement tend to perform well in?

    <p>High-stakes conditions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic is commonly associated with high achievers in relation to their goal-setting?

    <p>Setting goals that challenge their abilities (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common misconception about individuals with a high need for power?

    <p>They are motivated mainly by friendship (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors influences when employees are most likely to accept advice?

    <p>The timing of the request for advice (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What approach is most effective for giving advice to someone who is resistant to it?

    <p>Offering it as a gentle suggestion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the need for affiliation (nAff) affect group dynamics according to research?

    <p>It promotes more open communication and teamwork. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a likely characteristic of a successful manager according to McClelland's theory?

    <p>High need for power, low need for affiliation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does research suggest about employees with high levels of need for achievement (nAch)?

    <p>They typically exhibit positive moods at work. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the main reasons people may reject advice, even if it is sound?

    <p>They fear it will expose their ignorance. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which target described in the analogy would likely appeal to someone with a high need for achievement?

    <p>Target C with a moderate reward and challenge (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of McClelland's needs may be more familiar to people in broad terms rather than in specific definitions?

    <p>Need for power (nPow) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary means by which personality is measured?

    <p>Self-report surveys (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors are considered when evaluating the effectiveness of personality assessments in organizational settings?

    <p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between self-report surveys and observer-ratings surveys?

    <p>Self-report surveys measure an individual's self-perception, while observer-ratings measure how others perceive them. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are employees likely to experience when they feel obligated to work rather than enjoying their work?

    <p>Higher levels of strain (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In organizations that prioritize objective outcomes, how can engaging in Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) affect an employee's career?

    <p>It may slow their career progress. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main implication regarding the use of personality assessments in employment decisions?

    <p>A combination of self-report and observer-ratings offers superior predictive power. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does culture influence self-ratings in personality assessments?

    <p>People in individualistic cultures tend to overestimate their abilities, while people in collectivistic cultures tend to underestimate their abilities. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of goal-setting theory enhances work motivation according to Edwin Locke's research?

    <p>Goal specificity and challenge (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence for employees in organizations with competitive cultures that disregard OCB?

    <p>Decreased willingness to engage in helpful behaviors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary argument for using personality assessments in hiring decisions?

    <p>To identify candidates who are most likely to be successful in the job. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a facet of job satisfaction as identified in Exhibit 3-3?

    <p>Work-life balance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does feedback influence performance according to goal-setting theory?

    <p>It helps identify discrepancies in progress. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do organizations gain by linking employee goals with organizational goals?

    <p>Increased intrinsic motivation and behaviors of interest (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Exhibit 3-4, which country has the highest average level of employee job satisfaction?

    <p>Mexico (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential explanation for the low job satisfaction score in South Korea, as discussed in the passage?

    <p>A rigid hierarchical structure in South Korean businesses. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements reflects a drawback of performing OCB in organizations focused on what gets done?

    <p>It can undermine objective goal attainment. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of performance, how does difficulty of a goal affect an employee's effort?

    <p>Hard goals usually lead to increased effort when accepted. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the "Personality" section in the provided content?

    <p>To explain how personality is measured and influenced. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does goal-setting theory suggest about vague goals like 'do your best'?

    <p>They do not provide measurable outcomes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way can personality assessments be helpful for managers?

    <p>To forecast which employees are best suited for specific jobs. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can participation in goal-setting impact employee motivation?

    <p>It motivates employees to try harder. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential concern associated with using self-report surveys for measuring personality?

    <p>Self-report surveys can be influenced by the individual's mood at the time of the assessment. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main argument for using observer-ratings surveys in addition to self-report surveys for personality assessment?

    <p>Observer-ratings provide a more comprehensive understanding of an individual's behavior. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a suggested incentive for managers to improve employee motivation?

    <p>Offering substantial extrinsic bonuses (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of feedback is considered more effective for performance improvement?

    <p>Self-generated feedback (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential implication of self-enhancement in personality assessments for individuals in collectivist cultures?

    <p>Self-enhancement can negatively impact career advancement in collectivist cultures. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the "Career Objectives" section in the provided content?

    <p>To offer advice to job seekers on how to prepare for personality tests. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What benefit do organizations receive from fostering environmentally sustainable behaviors among employees?

    <p>Alignment with employee values (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main takeaway regarding the influence of heredity and environment on personality?

    <p>Heredity has a stronger influence on personality than environment. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might organizations sometimes overlook the importance of OCB?

    <p>They prioritize outcomes over processes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a trait associated with Machiavellianism?

    <p>High emotional intelligence (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do Machiavellian individuals typically perform in the long term?

    <p>Their initial success often leads to long-term setbacks due to their lack of likability. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key characteristic of a narcissist?

    <p>A grandiose sense of self-importance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How might narcissists react to negative feedback about their performance?

    <p>They dismiss the feedback as inaccurate or irrelevant. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between narcissism and CWB (Counterproductive Work Behavior)?

    <p>Narcissism is strongly related to CWB in individualistic cultures but not in collectivist cultures. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential benefit associated with high levels of narcissism?

    <p>Increased likelihood of being chosen for leadership positions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the Dark Triad is TRUE?

    <p>The Dark Triad traits can be exacerbated by stress and may lead to negative consequences in the workplace. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way is psychopathy NOT considered a clinical mental illness in organizational behavior?

    <p>Psychopathy is not considered a pathology in the workplace, but rather a set of traits that can impact behavior. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered a characteristic of narcissistic CEOs?

    <p>They consistently demonstrate high levels of emotional intelligence that lead to effective leadership. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can Machiavellian tendencies affect an organization's commitment to CSR?

    <p>High-Mach employees may prioritize their own gain and downplay the importance of CSR. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does the Dark Triad seem to be most pronounced?

    <p>When individuals are under stress and unable to moderate their responses. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one potential reason why narcissists might be more often found in business?

    <p>Business environments are often characterized by individualistic competition that rewards self-promotion and ambitiousness. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common consequence of high levels of Dark Triad traits?

    <p>Greater emotional intelligence and empathy towards others. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about narcissism and its effects on organizational performance is true?

    <p>Narcissism has a complex and nuanced relationship with organizational performance. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the relationship between Machiavellianism and ethical leadership?

    <p>High-Mach individuals are less likely to be seen as ethical leaders by their followers. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of individuals with a proactive personality?

    <p>They are more likely to identify opportunities and take action. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one potential pitfall of having a proactive personality?

    <p>They are more likely to be envied by their coworkers. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key factor that can influence the effectiveness of a proactive team?

    <p>The leadership style of the team leader. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on the research discussed, which of the following is a common characteristic of high self-monitors?

    <p>A tendency to conform to the behavior of others. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential negative consequence of high self-monitoring?

    <p>Being perceived as inauthentic. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following personality traits is most likely to be judged accurately from a brief encounter?

    <p>Extraversion. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what type of situation is neuroticism more likely to be accurately judged?

    <p>When the individual is facing a stressful or anxiety-provoking situation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the research mentioned, how long does it typically take for interviewers to form an initial impression of a job candidate?

    <p>2 minutes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main takeaway from the research on “zero acquaintance” personality judgments?

    <p>Initial judgments about personality can have some validity, but should be taken with a grain of salt. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a benefit of having a proactive personality?

    <p>Increased need for supervision. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately reflects the relationship between a proactive personality and career success?

    <p>Proactive individuals are more likely to achieve career success, but may face social challenges. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the study on R&D teams in Chinese companies suggest about the impact of proactive personality?

    <p>High-average levels of proactive personality in a team are associated with higher levels of team innovation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key difference between high and low self-monitors?

    <p>High self-monitors pay more attention to the behavior of others and are more capable of conforming. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the passage describe the accuracy of first impressions?

    <p>First impressions can provide some insight into personality but should not be considered definitive. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential pitfall of relying heavily on first impressions when making employment decisions?

    <p>It can lead to biased decisions and missed opportunities. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Attitudes

    • Attitudes are evaluative statements about objects, people, or events, reflecting feelings about something.
    • Attitudes are complex, with underlying reasons often being complicated.
    • Attitudes have three components: cognition, affect, and behavior.
    • Cognition is a belief in the way things are (e.g., "My pay is low").
    • Affect is the emotional component (e.g., "I am angry over how little I’m paid").
    • Behavior is the intention to act in a certain way (e.g., "I’m going to look for another job").
    • These components are intertwined; affect and cognition occur almost instantaneously.
    • In organizations, attitudes' behavioral component is crucial (e.g., commitment to organization influences job retention).
    • Research from the Netherlands suggests prior cognition and behavior both cause affect.

    Job Satisfaction

    • Job satisfaction is a positive feeling about a job resulting from evaluation of its characteristics.
    • Job satisfaction encompasses many elements, such as coworker interaction, organizational policies, performance standards, and work conditions.
    • Measuring job satisfaction:
      • Single global rating: one question about overall satisfaction.
      • Summation of job facets: rates various job aspects to create an overall score.
    • Research suggests both methods are equally valid.
    • Job satisfaction levels can be consistent over time but are influenced by economic conditions.
    • U.S. average satisfaction was consistently high from 1972 to 2006.
    • The lowest point was in 2010 (42.6 percent satisfaction).
    • Satisfaction rebounded but remained lower than in 1987 (61.1 percent).
    • Satisfaction varies across cultures (e.g., highest in Mexico and Switzerland, lowest in South Korea).

    Personality

    • Personality is the sum of ways an individual reacts to and interacts with others, often described by measurable traits.
    • Personality assessments are used in organizations (e.g., hiring decisions).
    • Common measurement is self-report surveys where individuals evaluate themselves.
    • Accuracy can be affected by mood when taking the survey.
    • Culture influences self-ratings (e.g., self-enhancement in individualistic cultures).
    • Observer-ratings surveys offer independent assessments of personality.
    • Observer ratings better predict job success, and overall, both self-report and observer ratings lead to better performance prediction.
    • Personality is determined by both heredity (e.g., physical factors) and environment.

    Personality Frameworks

    • Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)

      • Classifies people into types based on four pairs of traits (E/I, S/N, T/F, J/P).
      • Example types: INTJ (visionaries), ENFJ (teachers).
      • Limited validity evidence, often unrelated to job performance.
      • Forces people into one type, lacks in-between categories, and has low reliability.

    • Big Five Personality Model (stronger evidence)

      • Conscientiousness: responsibility, organization, dependability.
      • Emotional stability: calmness, confidence, security; converse: neuroticism.
      • Extraversion: gregariousness, assertiveness, sociability.
      • Openness to experience: creativity, curiosity, artistic sensitivity.
      • Agreeableness: cooperation, warmth, trust.
      • Conscientiousness best predicts job performance; other traits are also related to performance and aspects of work life.

    Dark Triad

    • Negative personality traits: Machiavellianism, narcissism, psychopathy.
    • Machiavellianism: pragmatism, emotional distance, manipulation.
    • Narcissism: grandiose sense of self-importance, needs admiration, arrogance, exploitation tendencies.
    • Psychopathy: lack of concern for others, lack of guilt.
    • These traits are not clinical pathologies; they can affect career trajectories negatively.

    Other Personality Attributes

    • Core Self-Evaluations (CSEs): conclusions about capabilities, competence, and worth.
    • Positive CSEs related to better job performance, satisfaction, and career success.
    • Self-Monitoring: ability to adjust behavior to external factors.
    • High self-monitors adapt well, but are sometimes perceived as inauthentic.
    • Proactive Personality: initiative-taking, opportunity seeking.
    • High proactive personalities perform better, are more creative, and are better team players.

    Early Theories of Motivation

    • Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs: physiological, safety, social, esteem, and self-actualization needs.

      • Needs progress through hierarchy; fulfilling needs motivates.
      • Limited research support.

    • Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory: hygiene factors (e.g., pay, supervision) don't motivate, and motivators (e.g., recognition, achievement) do.

      • Opposite of satisfaction is no satisfaction, not dissatisfaction.
      • Limited evidence.

    • McClelland's Theory of Needs.

      • Need for achievement (nAch): drive to excel.
      • Need for power (nPow): need to influence others.
      • Need for affiliation (nAff): desire for close relationships.
      • High achievers perform best with 50-50 odds of success.
      • Theory has research support across cultures.

    Contemporary Theories of Motivation

    • Self-Determination Theory: individuals prefer control over actions; intrinsic motivation is more sustaining than extrinsic rewards.

      • Focus on autonomy, competence, and relationships.
      • Extrinsic rewards can reduce intrinsic interest.
      • Self-concordance, alignment with interests and values, is important.

    • Goal-Setting Theory: specific, challenging goals increase performance.

      • Specific goals act as internal stimuli, difficult goals drive high effort, feedback aids in improvement.
      • Goal commitment, task complexity, and cultural influences on goal setting relate to performance.

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    Description

    This quiz explores the components of attitudes and their significance in organizational behavior, including the relationship between job satisfaction and organizational commitment. It covers key concepts such as measurement approaches and factors influencing job satisfaction levels. Test your understanding of these critical topics in the field of organizational psychology.

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