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Questions and Answers
What does organizational behavior primarily focus on?
Which of the following best describes implicit claims?
What is the first step in critical thinking skills as outlined?
Which type of claim is characterized by not being commonly accepted knowledge and often introduces new ideas?
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Which of the following is NOT a component of critical thinking skills?
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What does 'reward power' primarily enable an individual to do?
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Which form of influence involves using logical arguments and facts to persuade someone?
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Which of the following tactics is an example of social influence based on commitment and consistency?
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What is 'legitimate power' derived from?
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Which principle of social influence suggests that people are more likely to comply when they see others doing the same?
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What does 'coercive power' enable an individual to do?
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Which strategy aims to enhance compliance by appealing to an individual's existing relationships?
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In which situation is 'scarcity' most effective as a social influence tactic?
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What type of influence strategy involves appealing to someone's values and aspirations?
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What term best describes the stable rights and responsibilities derived from a person’s job role?
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What is the main focus of effective leadership regardless of the style used?
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Which of the following best describes transactional leadership?
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What is the significance of leader member exchange (LMX)?
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What should not be confused with useful information according to organizational practices?
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According to trait leadership theories, what is the stronger relationship identified?
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What is typically included in contingent reward behavior?
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What does the transformational leadership style primarily focus on?
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What is a primary function of outlining both costs and benefits in problem-solving?
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What is a key component of transformational leadership?
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Which of the following best defines the concept of individualized support in leadership?
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According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which types of needs are associated with transactional leadership?
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Which behavior is essential for fostering acceptance of group goals?
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What does the Pygmalion effect relate to in the context of leadership?
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What is a primary goal of servant leadership?
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In the context of providing contingent punishment, what is the first step to take?
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What is a suggested method for articulating a vision in transformational leadership?
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Study Notes
Organizational Behavior
- Organizational Behavior (OB) is the study of how people behave in an organizational context.
- OB focuses on understanding behavior at the individual, group, and organizational levels.
- OB aims to predict, explain, or describe human behavior in an organizational setting.
Critical Thinking Skills
- Critical thinking involves analyzing the validity of arguments presented in a text.
Claims in Critical Thinking
- Explicit Claims: Clearly stated in the text.
- Implicit Claims: Require analysis to uncover their true meaning.
Types of Claims
- Unproblematic Claims: Generally accepted as true based on common experience, expert consensus, or technical evidence.
- Contestable Claims: Not commonly accepted and require further evaluation.
Power and Influence
- Power: The ability to influence others.
- Authority: Rights inherent in a managerial position.
- Influence: Power in action.
Types of Power
- Reward Power: Ability to provide rewards for desired behavior.
- Legitimate Power: Power derived from a formal position or role.
- Referent Power: Power stemming from admiration or a desire to be like the influencer.
- Expert Power: Power based on knowledge and skill.
- Coercive Power: Power to force others to act against their will.
Influencing Tactics
- Rational Persuasion: Using logical arguments and facts.
- Pressure: Using demands or threats to achieve desired outcomes.
- Personal Appeal: Appealing to loyalty or friendship.
- Exchange: Offering favors or reciprocating actions.
- Integration: Using praise to create positive rapport.
- Coalition: Seeking support from others to influence a decision.
- Legitimizing: Appealing to authority or highlighting consistency.
- Consultation: Engaging others in planning and decision-making.
- Inspirational Appeal: Arousing enthusiasm by appealing to values and aspirations.
- Apprising: Explaining personal benefits of fulfilling a request.
- Collaboration: Offering assistance to encourage action.
Social Influence Principles
- Friendship/Liking: We tend to like those who like us, are similar to us, or flatter us.
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Commitment and Consistency: People tend to be consistent with their prior commitments.
- Foot-in-the-door: Start with a small request, followed by a larger one.
- Lowballing: Offering an attractive deal, then adding unattractive details.
- Scarcity: Limited availability or time constraints can make something seem more desirable.
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Reciprocity: People tend to reciprocate actions, even if they were initially unwanted.
- Door-in-the-face: Start with a large, unreasonable request, followed by a smaller one.
- Social Proof: We are more likely to follow the actions of others in uncertain or similar situations.
- Appeal to Authority: People defer to experts or figures of authority.
Influencing Up
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Essential Actions to Influence Upward:
- Offer solutions to real problems.
- Provide useful information, not just raw data.
- Outline both costs and benefits.
- Make clear recommendations.
Leadership
- Leadership: The ability to influence people to prioritize a common agenda over their personal concerns.
Classic Leadership Theories
- Trait Theories: Focus on identifying inherent traits of successful leaders.
- Behavioral Theories: Emphasize specific behaviors associated with effective leadership.
- Contingency/Situational Theories: Recognize that effective leadership depends on the situation.
Leader-Member Exchange (LMX)
- LMX: The quality of the relationship between a leader and a follower.
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Transactional Leadership: Focuses on exchanges or transactions between leaders and followers.
- Management-by-Exception: Taking corrective action for problems.
- Contingent Reward Behavior: Rewarding employees for good performance.
- Contingent Punishment: Using negative consequences to reduce undesirable behavior.
Transformational Leadership
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Transformational Leadership: Focuses on inspiring and motivating followers towards a shared vision.
- Articulating a Vision: Clearly communicating a compelling vision for the future.
- Providing an Appropriate Model: Leading by example.
- Fostering Acceptance of Group Goals: Promoting cooperation and shared objectives.
- Communicating High Performance Expectations: Setting high standards and expectations.
- Providing Individualized Support: Showing respect and concern for individual needs.
- Providing Intellectual Stimulation: Encouraging critical thinking and innovation.
Servant Leadership
- Servant Leadership: Prioritizes the needs and well-being of followers and stakeholders.
The Tannenbaum and Schmidt Model
- A model for choosing leadership patterns, based on a range of leadership styles and situational factors.
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Description
Test your understanding of organizational behavior and critical thinking skills. This quiz covers key concepts, including implicit claims and the steps involved in analyzing information critically. Challenge yourself and see how well you grasp these essential topics in the workplace and decision-making processes.
