Organization of the Nervous System
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the axon in a neuron?

  • To store neurotransmitters until needed
  • To generate action potentials and transmit information (correct)
  • To receive signals from other neurons
  • To facilitate neurotransmitter release at the synapse

    • What transport process involves the movement of mitochondria along microtubules in the axon?

  • Fast axoplasmic transport (correct)
  • Retrograde transport
  • Passive transport
  • Slow axoplasmic transport

    • Which of the following correctly describes multipolar neurons?

  • They can only form a single synaptic connection.
  • They possess one axon and multiple dendrites. (correct)
  • They have multiple axons and few dendrites.
  • They are the least common type of neuron in the mammalian nervous system.

    • What occurs at the presynaptic terminal of the axon?

    <p>Neurotransmitters are released into the synapse.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do nodes of Ranvier play in the function of an axon?

    <p>They facilitate faster conduction velocity in myelinated axons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main divisions of the nervous system?

    <p>Central nervous system and peripheral nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which division of the nervous system is responsible for bringing information into the nervous system?

    <p>Sensory or afferent division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of receptors are involved in the sensory division of the nervous system?

    <p>Photoreceptors, chemoreceptors, and proprioceptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the motor or efferent division of the nervous system?

    <p>To carry information out of the nervous system to effectors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the nervous system respond to changes in arterial blood pressure?

    <p>Via feedback loops involving the medullary vasomotor center</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve transmits blood pressure information from baroreceptors to the brain?

    <p>Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a function of the central nervous system?

    <p>Integrating and coordinating responses to stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is not part of the peripheral nervous system?

    <p>Spinal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the primary functions of the cerebellum?

    <p>Coordination of movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the sensory nerves in the spinal cord?

    <p>To carry information to the spinal cord from the periphery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure lies ventral to the thalamus?

    <p>Hypothalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures is NOT part of the brain stem?

    <p>Cerebellum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do the thalamus and hypothalamus collectively form?

    <p>Diencephalon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many pairs of spinal nerves are there in the human body?

    <p>31</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lobe of the cerebral cortex is primarily responsible for processing visual information?

    <p>Occipital Lobe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of information does the cerebellum primarily integrate?

    <p>Sensory information from the vestibular organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the CNS is responsible for motor information traveling from higher levels to the periphery?

    <p>Descending pathways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gland does the hypothalamus control through its hormone secretions?

    <p>Pituitary Gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the medulla control?

    <p>Regulation of blood pressure and breathing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerves arise from the brain stem?

    <p>CN III to XII</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is NOT part of the cerebral hemispheres?

    <p>Cerebellum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the pons in the CNS?

    <p>Facilitate communication between cerebral hemispheres and cerebellum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the convoluted surfaces of the cerebral hemispheres known as?

    <p>Gyri</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following functions is associated with the cerebral hemispheres?

    <p>Higher motor functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What part of the CNS includes the thalamus and hypothalamus?

    <p>Diencephalon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the ascending pathways in the spinal cord?

    <p>To carry sensory information to higher levels of the CNS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following hormones is secreted by the posterior pituitary gland as regulated by the hypothalamus?

    <p>Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is responsible for coordinating eye movements?

    <p>Midbrain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes primary areas of the cortex?

    <p>They involve the fewest synapses and are most direct in processing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the function of the basal ganglia?

    <p>They assist in regulating movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the hippocampus play in the brain?

    <p>It is responsible for memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the neuron receives information?

    <p>Dendrites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures is NOT classified as an association area?

    <p>Primary motor cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do tertiary areas differ from primary areas?

    <p>Tertiary areas require the most complex processing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do glial cells primarily do in the nervous system?

    <p>Provide support for the neurons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the presynaptic terminals of a neuron?

    <p>They release neurotransmitters to transmit signals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the amygdala is accurate?

    <p>It communicates with the autonomic nervous system and is linked to emotions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the neuron contains the nucleus?

    <p>Cell body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Organization of the Nervous System

    • The nervous system is composed of two divisions: the central nervous system (CNS) including the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS) including sensory receptors, sensory nerves, and ganglia outside the CNS.
    • The CNS and PNS extensively communicate.
    • A further distinction exists between sensory and motor divisions. The sensory (afferent) division brings information in (e.g., visual, auditory, chemoreceptors, somatosensory), while the motor (efferent) division carries information out to skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, or endocrine/exocrine glands.
    • For example, regulating arterial blood pressure involves baroreceptors, glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) to the medulla's vasomotor center, then comparing this to a set point, and sending signals via sympathetic and parasympathetic outflow to the heart and blood vessels resulting in appropriate blood pressure regulation.
    • The CNS includes the spinal cord and brain stem (medulla, pons, and midbrain), cerebellum, diencephalon (thalamus and hypothalamus), and cerebral hemispheres (cerebral cortex, white matter, basal ganglia, hippocampal formation, and amygdala).

    Cells of the Nervous System

    • Neurons are specialized cells for receiving and sending signals. They have a cell body (soma), dendrites, an axon, and presynaptic terminals.
    • Glial cells support neurons, far outnumbering them, and include astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglial cells.

    Structure of the Neuron

    • The cell body (soma) contains the nucleus and organelles responsible for protein synthesis.
    • Dendrites receive information.
    • The axon transmits signals.
    • Axons have specialized regions: the axon hillock, spike initiation zone, and presynaptic terminals.
    • Cytoplasm and vesicles within the axon use fast axoplasmic transport from the cell body to the axon terminal.
    • There is also slow axoplasmic transport, moving various soluble proteins.
    • Axons carry action potentials

    Presynaptic Terminals

    • Action potentials reach axon terminals, releasing neurotransmitters into the synapse.
    • Neurotransmitters diffuse across a gap and bind to receptors on the receiving cell.
    • This is how neurons communicate.

    Glial Cells

    • Astrocytes support neurons metabolically, modulate cerebral blood flow, and regulate potassium levels.
    • Oligodendrocytes (CNS) / Schwann cells (PNS) form myelin. Myelin insulates axons, increasing action potential speed.
    • Microglial cells are involved in immune responses and remove cellular debris.

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    Organization and Cells of the Nervous System PDF

    Description

    Explore the intricate structure and functions of the nervous system, including the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). This quiz covers essential distinctions between sensory and motor divisions, and the processes involved in regulating vital functions such as blood pressure. Test your knowledge on how these systems interconnect and communicate.

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