Organic Compounds: Tetrahedral and Alcohols
34 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What type of intermolecular forces are present in small ester molecules?

  • Hydrogen bonding
  • Dipole-Dipole interactions (correct)
  • London dispersion forces
  • Covalent bonds

All small ester molecules are insoluble in water.

False (B)

What is one practical use of esters in food production?

To give fruity flavourings

Each carbon atom in a benzene ring forms _____ sigma bonds.

<p>three</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following compounds with their natural or lab-made status:

<p>Ibuprofen = Lab-made Vanillin = Lab-made Eugenol = Natural Menthol = Natural</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about benzene is true?

<p>Benzene contains delocalized electrons which give extra stability. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the steam distillation process, the temperature can exceed the boiling point of the compound being extracted.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the appearance of the distillate collected from the extraction of clove oil?

<p>Pale milky appearance</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of adding cyclohexane to the distillate in the dropping funnel?

<p>To separate the clove oil from water (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cyclohexane is miscible with water.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the systematic IUPAC name for the alcohol referred to as 'A'?

<p>Propan-2-ol</p> Signup and view all the answers

To dry the organic layer, one should shake it with __________ in a conical flask.

<p>anhydrous sodium sulfate</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

<p>Emulsion = A mixture of two immiscible liquids Primary Alcohol = An alcohol with one carbon attached to the hydroxyl group Secondary Alcohol = An alcohol with two carbons attached to the hydroxyl group Cyclohexane = A non-polar solvent used for extraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be done after shaking the mixture in the dropping funnel?

<p>Release any pressure build-up carefully (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The boiling point of cyclohexane is 81 °C.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the structural difference between a primary alcohol and a secondary alcohol?

<p>A primary alcohol has one carbon attached to the carbon with the OH group, while a secondary alcohol has two carbons attached.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which compound is an example of a chloroalkane?

<p>Monochloromethane (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Chloroalkanes are soluble in water.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the general formula for alcohols?

<p>C_nH_(2n+1)OH</p> Signup and view all the answers

A primary alcohol has its -OH group attached to a carbon atom that is bonded to ______ other carbon atom(s).

<p>one</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of alcohols with their definitions:

<p>Primary alcohol = Attached to one other carbon Secondary alcohol = Attached to two other carbons Tertiary alcohol = Attached to three other carbons Functional alcohol = Responsible for characteristic properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes tertiary alcohols from primary and secondary alcohols?

<p>The carbon attached to -OH is attached to three other carbon atoms (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process of creating ethanol from glucose involves the production of carbon dioxide.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is methanol commonly added to industrial ethanol to prevent drinking called?

<p>Methylated spirits</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following alcohols is least likely to be soluble in water?

<p>Butanol (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Carboxylic acids have higher boiling points than aldehydes.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the functional group of aldehydes?

<p>CHO</p> Signup and view all the answers

Esters are derived from carboxylic acids by replacing the H of the -OH group with an __________ group.

<p>alkyl</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following compounds with their uses:

<p>Propanoic acid = Prevents mould and is a food preservative Benzoic acid = Used in antiseptic medicines Ethanoic acid = Commonly known as vinegar Acetone = Used as a solvent and removes nail varnish</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the solubility of carboxylic acids in water as their carbon chains increase in length?

<p>Solubility decreases (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ketones can have their carbonyl group located at the end of the carbon chain.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the general formula for esters?

<p>RCOOR'</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process of forming an ester from an alcohol and a carboxylic acid is called __________.

<p>esterification</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which feature distinguishes carboxylic acids from other organic compounds?

<p>Presence of a carboxyl group (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Ester Dipole-Dipole Forces

Ester molecules have polar C=O (carbonyl) bonds, leading to dipole-dipole interactions between molecules.

Ester Solubility in Water

Small ester molecules can dissolve in water due to their dipole-dipole interactions, but larger esters are less soluble.

Benzene Carbon Bonding

Each carbon atom in a benzene ring forms three sigma bonds: two with adjacent carbons and one with a hydrogen atom, and contributes to delocalised electrons.

Benzene Ring Stability

Delocalized electrons in the benzene ring contribute to its extra stability.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Equal Carbon-Carbon Bond Lengths in Benzene

Due to delocalization, all carbon-carbon bonds in benzene have the same length.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Steam Distillation Definition

A method to separate a desired substance from a mixture at temperatures lower than its boiling point using steam.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Steam Distillation Setup

A Quickfit apparatus including a steam generator, pear-shaped flask, and condenser are used to boil a specific substance from a source material.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Steam Distillation Procedure (Step 1)

Place the sample in the reaction flask to isolate a liquid using steam, ensuring a small volume of water is added and adequately heating the sample.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Liquid-Liquid Extraction

A method to separate immiscible liquids from a mixture by using a solvent that is not soluble in the water component.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Emulsion

A mixture of small droplets of one liquid dispersed in another liquid in which it is not soluble

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cyclohexane

A volatile, non-polar solvent used in separating clove oil from water.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Anhydrous Sodium Sulfate

A drying agent used to remove water from organic solvents.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Structural Isomers (Propan-2-ol & Propan-1-ol)

Molecules with the same chemical formula but a different arrangement of atoms.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Primary Alcohol

An alcohol where the carbon atom bonded to the hydroxyl group (-OH) is attached to only one other carbon atom.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Secondary Alcohol

An alcohol where the carbon atom bonded to the hydroxyl group (-OH) is attached to two other carbon atoms.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Propan-2-ol

A secondary alcohol with the chemical formula C3H8O

Signup and view all the flashcards

Tetrahedral carbon

A carbon atom with 4 single bonds, leading to a tetrahedral shape.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Chloroalkane

An alkane with one or more hydrogen atoms replaced by chlorine atoms.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Alcohols

Organic compounds with a hydroxyl (-OH) group.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Tertiary Alcohol

An alcohol where the carbon bonded to the -OH group is attached to three other carbons.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Ethanol

A common alcohol found in alcoholic drinks, produced by fermenting glucose

Signup and view all the flashcards

Denatured Ethanol

Industrial ethanol with methanol added to make it undrinkable.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Solubility of alcohols in water

Smaller alcohols are soluble in water due to hydrogen bonding between alcohol molecules and water molecules. Larger alcohols are less soluble as the non-polar hydrocarbon chain dominates.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Planar Carbon

A carbon atom with planar geometry, which occurs only when it has a double or triple bond.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Aldehyde Functional Group

The -CHO group, in a homologous series of organic compounds, and named from parent alkane by changing -e to -al.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Aldehyde Solubility

Small aldehydes are soluble in water due to the polar carbonyl group.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Ketone Functional Group

The >C=O functional group. Ketones have a polar C=O group located on a central carbon, not at either end.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Ketone Solubility

Small ketones are soluble in water due to the polar C=O carbonyl group.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Carboxylic Acid Formula

The general formula for carboxylic acids is CnH2n+1COOH. This shows the carboxyl group (COOH) at the end of the chain.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Carboxylic Acid Naming

Carboxylic acids are named by changing the -e of the parent alkane name to -oic acid.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Ester General Formula

Esters have the general formula RCOOR' and the functional group -COO-.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Ester Naming

Naming esters involves identifying and naming the alcohol and carboxylic acid parts, and replacing -oic acid with -oate.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

Organic Compounds

  • Tetrahedral Compounds
    • A tetrahedral carbon atom has four single bonds.
    • Chloroalkanes are compounds where hydrogen atoms in an alkane are replaced by chlorine.
    • Examples include monochloromethane, dichloromethane, trichloromethane (chloroform), and tetrachloromethane.
    • Used as solvents for removing oil and grease.
    • Not soluble in water but soluble in non-polar solvents.
    • Liquid at room temperature.

Alcohols

  • Definition

    • Functional group responsible for characteristic properties of an organic compound.
    • Derived from alkanes by replacing a hydrogen atom with an -OH group.
    • General formula: CnH2n+1OH
    • Named by changing the -e in the alkane name to -ol.
    • Example: Ethanol (C2H5OH), found in alcoholic drinks.

  • Types of Alcohols

    • Primary alcohols: The carbon atom attached to the -OH group is attached to only one other carbon atom.
    • Secondary alcohols: The carbon atom attached to the -OH group is attached to two other carbon atoms.
    • Tertiary alcohols: The carbon atom attached to the -OH group is attached to three other carbon atoms.
    • Alcohols have higher boiling points than their corresponding alkanes due to hydrogen bonding.

Planar Compounds

  • Definition
    • A planar carbon atom has planar geometry, occurring when the carbon atom is unsaturated (contains a double or triple bond).

Aldehydes

  • Definition
    • Homologous series of organic compounds containing the -CHO functional group.
    • Named from the parent alkane by changing the -e to -al.
    • Dipole–dipole interactions result in higher boiling points than their corresponding alkanes.

Ketones

  • Definition
    • Homologous series of organic compounds containing the >C=O functional group.
    • Named by changing the -e in the parent alkane name to -one.
    • Carbonyl group is located on a central carbon atom.
    • Boiling points are higher than their corresponding alkanes due to dipole–dipole forces but lower than alcohols due to no hydrogen bonds.

Carboxylic Acids

  • Definition
    • Family of organic compounds containing the -COOH carboxyl group.
    • General formula: CnH2n+1COOH
    • Named by changing the -e in the parent alkane name to -oic acid
    • Higher boiling points due to relatively strong hydrogen bonds between carboxylic acid molecules
    • Solubility in water due to hydrogen bonding in small carboxylic acids.

Esters

  • Definition
    • Family of compounds with the general formula RCOOR' and the -COO- functional group.
    • Derived from carboxylic acids and alcohols
    • Prepared by a condensation reaction, which is a chemical reaction where two molecules combine to form a larger molecule and loss of a smaller molecule like water.
    • Name the alcohol derived section first, then the carboxylic acid section ("-oic acid" changes to "-oate").
    • Have dipole-dipole intermolecular forces.
    • Small ester molecules are soluble in water.
    • Used in flavors and perfumes.

Aromatic Compounds (Benzene)

  • Each carbon atom in the benzene ring uses three electrons to form sigma bonds by head-on overlap of atomic orbitals.
  • The remaining valence electrons are shared between all 6 carbon atoms creating delocalized electrons giving the benzene molecule extra stability.
  • Bond lengths between all carbon atoms are equal.

Steam Distillation

  • A separation process used to isolate compounds at temperatures below their composition temperatures.
  • Bubbling steam through the material distills off the immiscible liquids.

Liquid-Liquid Extraction

  • Used to separate clove oil from an emulsion of clove oil and water using cyclohexane.
  • Add cyclohexane to the distillate, shake the mixture, remove the aqueous layer, and dry the organic layer
  • Separate cyclohexane from the clove oil by placing the mixture on a water bath in a fume cupboard.

Exam Questions (examples)

  • Systematic (IUPAC) name for Propan-2-ol and Propyl methanoate.
  • Structural differences between primary and secondary alcohols.
  • Identification of structural isomers.
  • Compound with tetrahedral geometry.
  • Reagents & catalysts for conversions on a reaction scheme.
  • Oxidation of propanal by Fehling's reagent (procedure & why propanone doesn't react).
  • Compound with fruity odour in a reaction scheme.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Related Documents

Organic Compounds PDF

Description

Explore the fascinating world of organic compounds, focusing on tetrahedral structures and alcohols. Understand the characteristics and examples of chloroalkanes and delve into the definition and types of alcohols. This quiz is designed to test your knowledge on these important organic chemistry topics.

More Like This

Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Open
Browser
Browser