Organic Compounds: Tetrahedral and Alcohols

Dipole-Dipole intermolecular forces.

Delocalised electrons provide extra stability to the benzene molecule.

Ibuprofen and Vanillin.

<p>To prevent violent boiling and bumping of liquids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To maintain an adequate level of boiling water for smooth operation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The distillate should have a pale milky appearance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Each carbon atom forms three sigma bonds and shares the remaining electron with neighboring carbon atoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Esters are used to provide fruity flavorings and are key ingredients in perfumes and cosmetics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Liquid-liquid extraction using cyclohexane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To facilitate the mixing of cyclohexane with the clove oil and water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Release any pressure build-up by inverting the funnel and carefully opening the tap.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The top layer contains clove oil and cyclohexane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By evaporation using a water-bath.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Primary alcohols have one carbon attached to the hydroxyl carbon, while secondary alcohols have two carbons attached.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An emulsion is a dispersion of small droplets of one liquid in another liquid where they are not soluble.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Do not allow the clove oil to come in contact with your skin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hydrogen bonding between the alcohol molecules allows small alcohols to be soluble in water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aldehydes have higher boiling points than alkanes due to dipole-dipole interactions but lower boiling points than alcohols because alcohols have hydrogen bonds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>As the carbon chain length increases, the solubility of carboxylic acids in water decreases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The general formula for a carboxylic acid is C_nH_{2n+1}COOH.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An ester has the general formula RCOOR', with a functional group of -COO-.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A condensation reaction involves two molecules combining to form a larger molecule while losing a smaller molecule, such as water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Small ketones are soluble in water due to the polar C=O carbonyl group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The name of an ester is formed by naming the alcohol-derived section first, followed by the carboxylic acid section modified to end in '-oate.'</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aldehydes are named by changing the final '-e' of the parent alkane to '-al.'</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carboxylic acids have higher boiling points than both aldehydes and ketones due to stronger hydrogen bonding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A chloroalkane is a compound where one or more hydrogen atoms in an alkane are replaced by chlorine atoms, typically forming a tetrahedral geometry around the carbon.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The general formula for alcohols is C_nH_{2n+1}OH, where an -OH group replaces a hydrogen atom of an alkane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A primary alcohol has the -OH group bonded to a carbon that is attached to one other carbon, a secondary alcohol is bonded to two other carbons, and a tertiary alcohol is bonded to three other carbons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ethanol is produced by fermenting glucose with yeast, converting glucose (C_6H_{12}O_6) into ethanol (C_2H_5OH) and carbon dioxide (CO_2).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Methanol is added to ethanol to make it toxic and undrinkable, producing denatured alcohol for industrial use.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chloroalkanes are weakly polar and not soluble in water, but they are soluble in non-polar solvents like cyclohexane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alcohols have higher boiling points than their corresponding alkanes due to the presence of the hydrogen bonding from the -OH group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chloroalkanes are commonly used as solvents for removing oil and grease marks from machinery and in dry cleaning.</p> Signup and view all the answers