Organic Chemistry: Tetrahedral Compounds and Alcohols
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Questions and Answers

What intermolecular forces allow small ester molecules to be soluble in water?

  • Dipole-Dipole forces (correct)
  • Hydrogen bonding
  • London dispersion forces
  • Ionic bonding

What is a characteristic feature of the bonding structure in benzene?

  • Bond lengths between all carbon atoms are equal (correct)
  • Carbon atoms have six valence electrons
  • Each carbon forms two bonds with adjacent carbons
  • All carbon bonds are double bonds

Which substance is classified as a natural organic compound?

  • Vanillin
  • Eugenol (correct)
  • Menthol (lab made)
  • Ibuprofen

What is the function of anti-bumping granules in the steam generator during extraction?

<p>To prevent the sudden boiling of water (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During steam distillation, what appearance is expected for the collected distillate?

<p>Pale milky (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of intermolecular forces do ester molecules primarily possess?

<p>Dipole-Dipole interactions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes delocalized electrons in benzene?

<p>They provide additional stability to the molecule (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which step is incorrect when setting up an experiment for steam distillation?

<p>Cover cloves with cold water (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the boiling point of cyclohexane, which is relevant in the separation process of clove oil?

<p>81 °C (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of anhydrous sodium sulfate in the extraction process?

<p>To remove water from the organic layer (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer contains the clove oil and cyclohexane after liquid-liquid extraction?

<p>The upper organic layer (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be done after shaking the mixture in the dropping funnel?

<p>Release pressure build-up carefully (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes an emulsion?

<p>A mixture of two immiscible liquids (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the expected yield when extracting clove oil using the described method?

<p>Very low yield (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What safety precaution is emphasized regarding the clove oil during extraction?

<p>Avoid contact with skin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of a water bath in the evaporation of cyclohexane?

<p>To raise the temperature for evaporation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic defines a tetrahedral carbon?

<p>It has four single bonds. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following compounds is classified as a chloroalkane?

<p>Chloroform (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are alcohols generally named?

<p>By changing the -e to -ol in the alkane name. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of alcohol has the hydroxyl group attached to a carbon that is connected to only one other carbon atom?

<p>Primary alcohol (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the general formula for alcohols?

<p>C_nH_2n+1OH (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary use of chloroalkanes in practical applications?

<p>As solvents for removing oil and grease (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to alcohol boiling points compared to their corresponding alkanes?

<p>Alcohols have higher boiling points. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is typically added to industrial ethanol to prevent consumption?

<p>Methanol (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bonding allows small alcohol molecules to be soluble in water?

<p>Hydrogen bonding (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which alcohol is likely to be soluble in water based on molecular size?

<p>Ethanol (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What chemical group is characteristic of ketones?

<p>–C=O (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes the boiling points of aldehydes compared to alcohols?

<p>Aldehydes have lower boiling points than alcohols. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which functional group is found in carboxylic acids?

<p>–COOH (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the solubility of carboxylic acids as the carbon chain length increases?

<p>Solubility decreases in water. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are esters formed?

<p>By reacting an alcohol with a carboxylic acid. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the naming convention for esters derived from ethanoic acid and methanol?

<p>Methyl ethanoate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the boiling points of carboxylic acids is true?

<p>They have higher boiling points than alkanes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining characteristic of the carbonyl group in ketones?

<p>It is located on one of the central carbons. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Ester intermolecular forces

Ester molecules have dipole-dipole forces, which influence their solubility in water.

Solubility of small esters

Small ester molecules are soluble in water due to their dipole-dipole intermolecular forces.

Ester uses in food

Esters are used to create fruity flavors in food.

Benzene carbon bonding

Each carbon in a benzene ring forms three sigma bonds: two to adjacent carbons and one to a hydrogen.

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Delocalized electrons in benzene

The remaining valence electrons in benzene are shared among all the carbon atoms, making the molecule more stable.

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Benzene carbon-carbon bonds

All carbon-carbon bonds in benzene have equal lengths.

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Steam Distillation

A separation process that isolates compounds at temperatures lower than their boiling points.

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Steam distillation apparatus setup

A quickfit apparatus is used involving a pear-shaped flask,steam generator,and dropping funnel.

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Tetrahedral Carbon

A carbon atom with four single bonds, resulting in a tetrahedral shape.

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Chloroalkane

An alkane with one or more hydrogen atoms replaced by chlorine atoms.

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Alcohol Functional Group

-OH group; gives alcohols their characteristic properties.

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Primary Alcohol

Alcohol where the carbon atom with the -OH group is bonded to only one other carbon atom.

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Secondary Alcohol

Alcohol where the carbon atom with the -OH group is bonded to two other carbon atoms.

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Tertiary Alcohol

Alcohol where the carbon atom with the -OH group is bonded to three other carbon atoms.

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Ethanol Use

Common alcohol found in drinks, produced by fermenting glucose.

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Denatured Ethanol

Ethanol made undrinkable by adding methanol, used industrially.

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Emulsion

A mixture of two liquids that don't mix (immiscible), like small droplets of one liquid in another liquid where the first liquid is not soluble.

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Liquid-liquid extraction

A technique to separate immiscible liquids (e.g., clove oil and water) by using a different solvent (e.g., cyclohexane) to dissolve one liquid more effectively, then separating the layers.

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Cyclohexane

A solvent used to extract clove oil from a water emulsion.

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Anhydrous sodium sulfate

A drying agent used to remove water from the organic layer.

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Structural isomers

Molecules with the same molecular formula but different structural formulas

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Propan-2-ol

A type of alcohol with the chemical formula C3H8O, used in an example in a scheme

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Hydrogen bonding in alcohols

Hydrogen bonding occurs between alcohol molecules due to the polar -OH group, affecting their physical properties like solubility.

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Solubility of alcohols

Small alcohol molecules are soluble in water due to hydrogen bonding, but larger alcohols are not as the effect of hydrogen bonding decreases.

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Planar carbon

A carbon atom with a planar geometry exists only when the carbon is unsaturated, containing a double or triple bond.

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Aldehyde functional group

Aldehydes contain the -CHO functional group, which is characterized by a carbonyl group linked to a hydrogen atom.

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Aldehyde properties

Aldehydes have dipole-dipole interactions due to the polar carbonyl group, resulting in higher boiling points compared to alkanes, but lower than alcohols.

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Ketone functional group

Ketones contain the >C=O functional group, with the carbonyl group located on a central carbon, never at the end of the chain.

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Ketone properties

Ketones share properties with aldehydes, having dipole-dipole interactions and higher boiling points than alkanes, but lower than alcohols.

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Carboxylic acid functional group

Carboxylic acids contain the -COOH functional group, which is characterized by a carbonyl group linked to a hydroxyl group.

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Carboxylic acid properties

Carboxylic acids have strong hydrogen bonding due to the -COOH group, leading to high boiling points and solubility in water for smaller molecules.

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Ester functional group

Esters contain the -COO- functional group, formed by replacing the H of the -OH group in a carboxylic acid with an alkyl group.

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Study Notes

Tetrahedral Compounds

  • A tetrahedral carbon atom has four single bonds.
  • A chloroalkane is a compound where one or more hydrogen atoms in an alkane are replaced by chlorine atoms.
  • Chloroalkanes are used as solvents to remove grease and oil.
  • Chloroalkanes are weakly polar and not soluble in water, but soluble in non-polar solvents like cyclohexane.
  • Chloroalkanes are liquids at room temperature.

Alcohols

  • A functional group is an atom or group of atoms responsible for the properties of an organic compound.
  • Alcohols are derived from alkanes by replacing hydrogen with an -OH group (hydroxyl group).
  • The general formula for alcohols is CnH2n+1OH
  • Alcohols are named by changing the -e in the alkane name to -ol.
  • Primary alcohol: the carbon atom bonded to the -OH group is attached to only one other carbon atom.
  • Secondary alcohol: the carbon atom bonded to the -OH group is attached to two other carbon atoms.
  • Tertiary alcohol: the carbon atom bonded to the -OH group is attached to three other carbon atoms.
  • Alcohols generally have higher boiling points than alkanes due to hydrogen bonding between the molecules.
  • Smaller alcohols are soluble in water due to hydrogen bonding, larger ones are less soluble.

Planar Compounds

  • A planar carbon atom has planar geometry.
  • This occurs when the carbon atom is unsaturated (contains a double or triple bond).

Aldehydes

  • Aldehydes contain the -CHO functional group.
  • They are named by changing the -e in the parent alkane name to -al.
  • They have higher boiling points than their corresponding alkanes due to dipole-dipole forces.
  • Boiling points are lower compared to their corresponding alcohols.

Ketones

  • Ketones contain the >C=O functional group.
  • Named by changing the final -e to -one in the parent alkane name.
  • The C=O carbonyl group is always located on the central carbon.
  • Boiling points generally are higher than their corresponding alkanes due to dipole-dipole forces.
  • Boiling points are lower than alcohols. Small ketones are soluble in water.

Carboxylic Acids

  • Carboxylic acids contain the -COOH functional group (carboxyl group).
  • Named by changing the final -e to -oic acid in the parent alkane name.
  • The C=O carbonyl group is located at the end of the carbon chain.
  • Higher boiling points in comparison to alkanes, alcohols, aldehydes and ketones due to strong hydrogen bonds between molecules
  • Small carboxylic acids are soluble in water.

Esters

  • Esters have the general formula RCOOR' and the functional group -COO-.
  • Formed from carboxylic acids and alcohols with removal of water (condensation reaction).
  • Named by naming the alkyl group of the alcohol first, then the part of the acid with 'oate' replacing '-oic acid'.
  • Small ester molecules are soluble in water due to dipole-dipole intermolecular forces.
  • Esters are often used in fruity/pleasant smelling substances, perfumes and flavourings.

Aromatic Compounds (Bonding in benzene)

  • Each carbon atom in the benzene ring has four electrons.
  • Carbon atoms use three electrons to form sigma bonds via head-on overlap.
  • The fourth electron (and the fourth electron of each adjacent carbon atom) is delocalised around the ring of six carbon atoms.
  • Delocalisation increases stability in the benzene ring.
  • Bond lengths between all carbon atoms on the benzene ring are equal.

Organic Natural Products

  • Many organically derived compounds are found in nature.
  • Some examples include eugenol, vanillin, menthol, ibuprofen.

Steam Distillation

  • Steam distillation is a method used to separate compounds with boiling points below their decomposition temperature.
  • It involves bubbling steam through the material, followed by distilling off the liquid composition.
  • The method is suited to separating immiscible liquids.

Liquid-Liquid Extraction

  • A process to separate a substance from a mixture containing immiscible liquids using solvent extraction.

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Description

This quiz focuses on the characteristics and properties of tetrahedral compounds, particularly chloroalkanes and alcohols. Test your understanding of functional groups and the distinctions between primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols along with their chemical formulas and applications.

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