alkanes

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Questions and Answers

What is the role of the electronegative leaving group in a substitution reaction?

To stabilize the electrons it leaves with

To attract the electrophile

To create a partial charge to attract the positive charge of the nucleophile

To create a partial charge to attract the negative charge of the nucleophile (correct)

What is the second key criterion for a leaving group?

To stabilize the electrons it leaves with (correct)

To be an electron pair acceptor

To be a bromine atom

To create a partial charge to attract the nucleophile

What is the general term for a compound where a carbon group is bonded to a halide?

Haloalkane

Alkyl halide (correct)

Organohalide

Alkyl fluoride

What is the key substituent in alkyl halide nomenclature?

The halide group Signup and view all the answers

Why are Greek letters often used in alkyl halide structure?

To label the carbons of the alkyl group attached to the halide Signup and view all the answers

What is the reason for labeling the carbons of the alkyl group attached to the halide?

The amount of branching at the alpha carbon affects the reaction mechanism Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the commonly used organic solvent mentioned in the text?

Methylene chloride Signup and view all the answers

How many types of alkyl halides are mentioned in the text?

Three Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons?

The presence of single or multiple bonds between carbon atoms Signup and view all the answers

What is the general molecular formula for alkanes?

CnH2n+2 Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the simplest alkane?

Methane Signup and view all the answers

What is the classification of hydrocarbons that include alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes?

Aliphatic hydrocarbons Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process of naming organic molecules?

Nomenclature Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of the lesson?

Reactionary ability of both saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons Signup and view all the answers

What is the main objective of this lecture?

To introduce the concepts of structure and nomenclature in organic chemistry Signup and view all the answers

What is the scope of the skill learned in this lecture?

Giving IUPAC names of unbranched alkanes/alkenes/alkynes having up to 20 carbon atoms Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of organic chemistry?

The study of carbon-based compounds and their properties Signup and view all the answers

What are the three hydrocarbon families mentioned in the lecture?

Alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Leaving Groups

A good leaving group creates a partial charge on the site of attack to attract the negative charge of the nucleophile.
A leaving group must be able to stabilize the electrons it leaves with.

Substitution Reactions

Examples of good leaving groups include those that create a positive charge to attract the nucleophile and can stabilize the electrons they leave with.

Alkyl Halides

Alkyl halides are compounds where a carbon group (alkyl) is bonded to a halide (F, Cl, Br, or I).
The halide group is the key substituent in naming alkyl halides.

Alkyl Halide Nomenclature

The steps to name a molecule include:
- Identifying and naming the parent chain
- Identifying the name of the substituents
- Assigning a locant (number) to each substituent
- Assembling the name alphabetically

Alkyl Halide Structure

Greek letters are often used to label the carbons of the alkyl group attached to the halide.
Substitutions occur at the alpha carbon because the amount of branching at the alpha carbon affects the reaction mechanism.
There are three types of alkyl halides.

Organic Chemistry

The study of carbon-based compounds and their properties.

Hydrocarbons

Compounds that contain only C and H.
Divided into two main classes: aliphatic hydrocarbons and aromatic hydrocarbons.
Aliphatic hydrocarbons include: alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes.

Aliphatic Hydrocarbons

Alkanes: have all the carbon atoms linked to each other by single electron-pair bonds (δ bonds).
Alkenes: contain one or more c-c double bonds (d.b).
Alkynes: contain one or more c-c triple bonds (t.b).

Alkanes

Have general molecular formula CnH2n+2 where n is an integer.
The simplest one is methane (CH4).
Nomenclature: IUPAC names are used to identify unbranched alkanes having up to 20 carbon atoms.

Cycloalkanes

Contain a closed ring of carbon atoms.

Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

Alkenes: contain one or more c-c double bonds (d.b).
Alkynes: contain one or more c-c triple bonds (t.b).

Aromatic Hydrocarbons

Also known as arenes.
Have properties that are much different from aliphatic hydrocarbons.
The most important aromatic hydrocarbon is benzene.

Reactivity of Hydrocarbons

Functional groups in hydrocarbons determine their reactivity.
Reactionary ability of saturated hydrocarbons (alkanes, cycloalkanes) and unsaturated hydrocarbons (alkenes, alkadienes, alkynes).

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Description

Identify good leaving groups in substitution reactions, considering the two key criteria: creation of a partial charge and ability to stabilize electrons.