Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is one advantage of a step lens over a plane convex lens?
What is one advantage of a step lens over a plane convex lens?
- Narrower refracting surface
- Increased thermal endurance (correct)
- Increased weight
- Greater light absorption
What type of lens combination collects more light than a single optical lens?
What type of lens combination collects more light than a single optical lens?
- Doublet lens (correct)
- Convex lens
- Single step lens
- Plane convex lens
How much light does the strongest lens of diameter 213 mm typically collect?
How much light does the strongest lens of diameter 213 mm typically collect?
- 6% (correct)
- 50%
- 20%
- 25%
Which factor decreases when using a spread light lens with greater angular deflection?
Which factor decreases when using a spread light lens with greater angular deflection?
What is the approximate visibility range of well-aligned signals under bright sunlight?
What is the approximate visibility range of well-aligned signals under bright sunlight?
What is often installed on signals to aid visibility for drivers standing close by?
What is often installed on signals to aid visibility for drivers standing close by?
What can be a limitation of using reflectors in signal visibility?
What can be a limitation of using reflectors in signal visibility?
What does the combination of two lenses, known as toric combination, collect in terms of light?
What does the combination of two lenses, known as toric combination, collect in terms of light?
What issue does the hot spot problem cause in lamps?
What issue does the hot spot problem cause in lamps?
What is the purpose of the lamp-proving relay (MECR) in triple pole lamps?
What is the purpose of the lamp-proving relay (MECR) in triple pole lamps?
What is the wattage rating of the auxiliary filament in the SL 21 double pole lamp?
What is the wattage rating of the auxiliary filament in the SL 21 double pole lamp?
Which type of lamp has both filaments rated at 12 V / 33 W?
Which type of lamp has both filaments rated at 12 V / 33 W?
What feature distinguishes triple pole lamps from other lamp types?
What feature distinguishes triple pole lamps from other lamp types?
How does the SL 35A triple pole lamp differ in filament placement from SL 21?
How does the SL 35A triple pole lamp differ in filament placement from SL 21?
Why is the auxiliary filament in SL 21 rated for less wattage?
Why is the auxiliary filament in SL 21 rated for less wattage?
What is the primary function of signalling lamps as mentioned?
What is the primary function of signalling lamps as mentioned?
What is the primary drawback of the signaling system using lamp proving units?
What is the primary drawback of the signaling system using lamp proving units?
What is a common cause of signaling failures according to the provided information?
What is a common cause of signaling failures according to the provided information?
What impact does the fusing of signal lamps have on train punctuality?
What impact does the fusing of signal lamps have on train punctuality?
What does the schedule for replacement of signal lamps vary by?
What does the schedule for replacement of signal lamps vary by?
In the case of using 2-filament lamps, what issue arises if the main filament fuses?
In the case of using 2-filament lamps, what issue arises if the main filament fuses?
What type of lamps are used in colour light signaling without a cutting-in arrangement?
What type of lamps are used in colour light signaling without a cutting-in arrangement?
What is the replacement schedule for ON aspect signal lamps?
What is the replacement schedule for ON aspect signal lamps?
What is the consequence of having both filaments lit simultaneously in a 2-filament lamp system?
What is the consequence of having both filaments lit simultaneously in a 2-filament lamp system?
What is required for the DIST DR to pick up?
What is required for the DIST DR to pick up?
What can cause a signal to go 'blank'?
What can cause a signal to go 'blank'?
What does a double yellow signal indicate to the driver?
What does a double yellow signal indicate to the driver?
What is a benefit of the distant signal system for drivers?
What is a benefit of the distant signal system for drivers?
What is the typical lifespan of a traditional filament lamp used in signals?
What is the typical lifespan of a traditional filament lamp used in signals?
What benefit does the provision of a Second Distant Signal provide?
What benefit does the provision of a Second Distant Signal provide?
When will the inner distant signal display a green aspect?
When will the inner distant signal display a green aspect?
How does the lifetime of an LED signal unit compare to that of a filament lamp?
How does the lifetime of an LED signal unit compare to that of a filament lamp?
What happens when the DG lamp fuses in the inner distant signal system?
What happens when the DG lamp fuses in the inner distant signal system?
What is a potential consequence of a blank signal?
What is a potential consequence of a blank signal?
Which of the following is NOT an advantage of the distant signal system?
Which of the following is NOT an advantage of the distant signal system?
How far in advance can a driver know the information about the signals ahead?
How far in advance can a driver know the information about the signals ahead?
What must be done after replacing a signal lamp?
What must be done after replacing a signal lamp?
What aspect does a Distant Signal display when the necessary conditions are met?
What aspect does a Distant Signal display when the necessary conditions are met?
What is the primary function of the inner distant HHR in the signal control circuit?
What is the primary function of the inner distant HHR in the signal control circuit?
Which of the following signals indicates that the driver should stop at the loop starter?
Which of the following signals indicates that the driver should stop at the loop starter?
What is the purpose of the gasket made of EPDM rubber in the LED signal unit?
What is the purpose of the gasket made of EPDM rubber in the LED signal unit?
What is the minimum illumination required for the Red aspect of the LED signal unit?
What is the minimum illumination required for the Red aspect of the LED signal unit?
What is the visibility requirement for each main aspect of the LED signal unit?
What is the visibility requirement for each main aspect of the LED signal unit?
Which aspect has the highest minimum illumination requirement during operation?
Which aspect has the highest minimum illumination requirement during operation?
What is the role of the MOV or Gas discharge tube provided at the input terminals?
What is the role of the MOV or Gas discharge tube provided at the input terminals?
What is the diameter of the Main and Calling-On signals display area in the LED signal units?
What is the diameter of the Main and Calling-On signals display area in the LED signal units?
What is the rated wattage at the input terminals of the Main Signal?
What is the rated wattage at the input terminals of the Main Signal?
What is the current at rated operation for the Route signal?
What is the current at rated operation for the Route signal?
Flashcards
Step lens
Step lens
A type of lens used in railway signals that has a stepped surface instead of a flat surface, offering several advantages like reduced light absorption, improved accuracy, weight saving, and greater thermal endurance.
Toric combination
Toric combination
Refers to the combination of two step lenses used in railway signals to increase light collection and improve visibility. The combination reduces the focal distance, allowing for a wider angle of light collection.
Doublet lens
Doublet lens
A lenticular setup that uses a single lens to focus and project light, usually used for railway signals to emit a strong beam of light.
Useful luminous flux
Useful luminous flux
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Poor visibility on curves
Poor visibility on curves
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Spread light lens
Spread light lens
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Close up indications
Close up indications
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Sidelight or deflecting prism
Sidelight or deflecting prism
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Hot Spot Problem
Hot Spot Problem
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Lamp-proving relay (MECR)
Lamp-proving relay (MECR)
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Triple Pole Lamp
Triple Pole Lamp
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Auxiliary Filament
Auxiliary Filament
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SL 21 Double Pole, Double Filament Lamp
SL 21 Double Pole, Double Filament Lamp
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SL 35A Triple Pole, Double Filament Lamp
SL 35A Triple Pole, Double Filament Lamp
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SL 35B Triple Pole, Double Filament Lamp
SL 35B Triple Pole, Double Filament Lamp
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Signaling Lamp (BS 469)
Signaling Lamp (BS 469)
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SL 21: 12V / 33W Double Filament Lamp
SL 21: 12V / 33W Double Filament Lamp
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SL 18: 12V / 24W Single Filament Lamp
SL 18: 12V / 24W Single Filament Lamp
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Signal Lamp Fusing
Signal Lamp Fusing
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Signal Lamp Replacement Schedule
Signal Lamp Replacement Schedule
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Signal Lamp ECR Drop
Signal Lamp ECR Drop
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Color Light Signaling
Color Light Signaling
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Cutting-in Arrangement
Cutting-in Arrangement
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Signal Lamp Replacement Interval
Signal Lamp Replacement Interval
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Distant Signals
Distant Signals
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Inner Distant Signal
Inner Distant Signal
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Home Signal
Home Signal
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Red Indication
Red Indication
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Green Indication
Green Indication
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Double Yellow Indication
Double Yellow Indication
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Yellow Indication
Yellow Indication
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Colour Light & Automatic Signalling
Colour Light & Automatic Signalling
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Signals in Railway
Signals in Railway
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Blank Signal
Blank Signal
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LED Signal Unit
LED Signal Unit
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Filament Lamp
Filament Lamp
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EPDM gasket
EPDM gasket
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MOV or Gas discharge tube
MOV or Gas discharge tube
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Illumination requirements
Illumination requirements
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Visibility distance (main signal)
Visibility distance (main signal)
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Visibility distance (route indicator)
Visibility distance (route indicator)
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Signal area size
Signal area size
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Operating voltage and wattage
Operating voltage and wattage
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Current requirements
Current requirements
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Study Notes
Automatic Colour Light Signalling
- Automatic block working uses automatic stop signals to control train movements through sections.
- Trains are track-circuited throughout the line, with sections controlled by automatic stop signals.
- Signal aspects are automatically changed based on the passage of trains through sections.
- The system aims to increase line capacity without needing additional stations.
Adequate Distance/Overlap
- The minimum overlap distance must be 120 meters between signalling sections, unless stated otherwise.
- This overlap ensures the line is clear before a signal can change to "off".
Automatic Stop Signals
- These are multiple-aspect colour light signals (either 3 or 4 aspects), with unique numbering systems.
- Odd numbers are used in one direction (e.g., UP), and even numbers in the other (e.g., DOWN).
- Numbers often use a kilometre-and-pole identification scheme for easier location.
- Several numbering methods are used depending on the track configuration and complexity
Track Circuits
- Track circuits control the operation of automatic signals.
- Circuits can be DC or AC, single or double track-based, depending on the local conditions.
- Essential to ensure proper signalling operation.
Four-Aspect Automatic Signalling
- For situations in which breaking distance necessitates signals being closer together 4-aspect signalling is employed.
- In this system, a signal's aspect changes to Red, Yellow, Double Yellow, or Green as the train progresses through sections.
- Signals ensure that adequate braking distances are maintained between trains.
Red Lamp Protection
- A system designed to ensure that signals don't go blank if a red lamp fails.
- This is crucial in ensuring section safety and preventing accidents.
- The circuit uses a relay to detect and prevent a signal from displaying a less restrictive aspect than red due to lamp failures
Cascading Arrangement
- An arrangement of signal lamps that functions as backups in case of failures.
- If one lamp fails, the other lamps in the same circuit take over to avoid signals going blank.
LED Signal Units
- These use solid-state light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and provide a reliable and long-life signalling system.
- Compared to traditional filament lamps, they reduce maintenance and energy consumption significantly.
- LEDs are self-contained and require no external focusing lenses, hence simpler installation.
Current Regulator Unit
- A circuit to ensure a consistent current flow to the LEDs, regardless of fluctuating input voltages.
- This ensures stable signal aspect presentation to drivers.
- Failure of a single LED won't cause the entire signal aspect to go dark
- This unit controls the current flow to each LED in the signal, maintaining consistent brightness.
Signal Tubular Post and Base
- Details of the physical dimensions and materials used for construction of signal posts and bases.
- These items are crucial for physical infrastructure of signalling systems.
Maintenance Schedule
- An outline timetable for various inspection and maintenance activities of signalling equipment
Do's and Don'ts
- Guidelines to ensure proper operation and safety during the maintenance and operation of signalling systems
- Includes measures to prevent accidents and ensure maintenance is performed correctly.
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Description
Test your knowledge on optical lenses, their advantages, and their applications in signal visibility. This quiz covers key concepts such as lens combinations, light collection, and the specifics of lamp-types used in bright conditions. Perfect for students studying optics or electrical engineering.
