Ophthalmic Conditions and Treatments Quiz

Corneal Diseases and Treatment Summary

• Herpes simplex virus (HSV) keratitis presents with symptoms such as pain, photophobia, redness, serous discharge, and tearing, and is associated with decreased corneal sensitivity.

• Recurrent HSV infections may manifest as epithelial disease with different types of ulcers and neurotrophic keratopathy, which includes reduced corneal innervation and poor corneal wound healing.

• Endotheliitis, caused by an immune reaction, leads to focal disc-shaped stromal edema, overlying keratic precipitates, and mild to moderate iritis.

• Treatment for HSV keratitis includes topical and oral antivirals, cycloplegia, and skin lesions treated with Acyclovir Cream.

• Herpes zoster virus (HZV) keratitis presents with varying signs depending on corneal involvement and is more severe in immunocompromised patients.

• Treatment for HZV keratitis involves oral antivirals, topical ganciclovir, trifluridine, and vidarabine, and systemic corticosteroids in certain cases.

• Neurotrophic keratopathy is associated with a history of past surgeries, contact lens wearing, and systemic diseases, and its symptoms include redness, tearing, decreased visual acuity, foreign body sensation, and swollen eyelids.

• Treatment for neurotrophic keratopathy includes suspending medications, using topical lubricants, insulin-like growth factor, and protective measures such as taping or Botox.

• Exposure keratoplasty is indicated for abnormal lid closure conditions such as Bell’s palsy, eyelid surgeries, and thyroid disease, and its symptoms include redness, burning, and foreign body sensation.

• Fabry's disease, a metabolic keratopathy, is characterized by a deficiency of alpha-galactosidase enzyme, leading to systemic symptoms and ocular manifestations such as Fabry cataract and conjunctival corkscrew vessels.

• Cystinosis, another metabolic keratopathy, results from widespread tissue deposition of cystine crystals, leading to pediatric renal failure and ocular symptoms such as photophobia, epithelial erosions, and visual acuity impairment.

• Keratoconus, an inflammatory progressive degeneration, is associated with various ocular and systemic conditions, and its symptoms include photophobia, glare, and monocular diplopia, with late signs such as Vogt’s striae and Munson’s sign.Ophthalmic Conditions and Treatments

• Gray infiltrate in the cornea, involving the superficial stroma, with variable epithelial loss, and no clear zone, often leading to severe astigmatism and secondary bacterial infection

• Treatment for corneal conditions includes topical steroids, prophylactic topical antibiotics, topical cyclosporine, and tacrolimus ointment

• Amniotic membrane biological treatment can be used for corneal regeneration to decrease inflammation, scarring, and angiogenesis

• LASIK procedure involves creating an epithelial flap with a microkeratome, applying excimer laser, and reattaching the flap, with potential complications such as microbial keratitis, corneal ectasia, and dry eye

• Ptosis can be caused by neurogenic, myogenic, aponeurotic, and mechanical factors, and may require surgical treatment

• Congenital ptosis can be simple or associated with Marcus Gunn jaw winking or Moebius syndrome, and may require surgical correction

• Ectropion, lagophthalmos, and conjunctival concretions can be managed with surgical procedures like conjunctiva-Muller resection and levator advancement

• Madarosis, or the loss of eyelashes, can be caused by various local, skin, and systemic disorders, and may require procedures for trichiasis or trichotillomania

• Subconjunctival hemorrhage, characterized by blood underneath the conjunctiva, can be caused by factors like Valsalva or medications and typically resolves without treatment

• Necrotizing fasciitis is a severe infection of subcutaneous tissues and skin, often caused by Streptococcus or Staphylococcus, requiring urgent medical attention

• Complications of LASIK surgery include microbial keratitis, corneal ectasia, and dry eye, which can be managed with appropriate treatment

• Surgical treatment for ptosis may be necessary in cases of abnormal low position of the upper lid, with symptoms such as visual loss and signs like diplopia or ocular motility changes

Corneal Diseases and Treatment Summary

• Herpes simplex virus (HSV) keratitis presents with symptoms such as pain, photophobia, redness, serous discharge, and tearing, and is associated with decreased corneal sensitivity.

• Recurrent HSV infections may manifest as epithelial disease with different types of ulcers and neurotrophic keratopathy, which includes reduced corneal innervation and poor corneal wound healing.

• Endotheliitis, caused by an immune reaction, leads to focal disc-shaped stromal edema, overlying keratic precipitates, and mild to moderate iritis.

• Treatment for HSV keratitis includes topical and oral antivirals, cycloplegia, and skin lesions treated with Acyclovir Cream.

• Herpes zoster virus (HZV) keratitis presents with varying signs depending on corneal involvement and is more severe in immunocompromised patients.

• Treatment for HZV keratitis involves oral antivirals, topical ganciclovir, trifluridine, and vidarabine, and systemic corticosteroids in certain cases.

• Neurotrophic keratopathy is associated with a history of past surgeries, contact lens wearing, and systemic diseases, and its symptoms include redness, tearing, decreased visual acuity, foreign body sensation, and swollen eyelids.

• Treatment for neurotrophic keratopathy includes suspending medications, using topical lubricants, insulin-like growth factor, and protective measures such as taping or Botox.

• Exposure keratoplasty is indicated for abnormal lid closure conditions such as Bell’s palsy, eyelid surgeries, and thyroid disease, and its symptoms include redness, burning, and foreign body sensation.

• Fabry's disease, a metabolic keratopathy, is characterized by a deficiency of alpha-galactosidase enzyme, leading to systemic symptoms and ocular manifestations such as Fabry cataract and conjunctival corkscrew vessels.

• Cystinosis, another metabolic keratopathy, results from widespread tissue deposition of cystine crystals, leading to pediatric renal failure and ocular symptoms such as photophobia, epithelial erosions, and visual acuity impairment.

• Keratoconus, an inflammatory progressive degeneration, is associated with various ocular and systemic conditions, and its symptoms include photophobia, glare, and monocular diplopia, with late signs such as Vogt’s striae and Munson’s sign.Ophthalmic Conditions and Treatments

• Gray infiltrate in the cornea, involving the superficial stroma, with variable epithelial loss, and no clear zone, often leading to severe astigmatism and secondary bacterial infection

• Treatment for corneal conditions includes topical steroids, prophylactic topical antibiotics, topical cyclosporine, and tacrolimus ointment

• Amniotic membrane biological treatment can be used for corneal regeneration to decrease inflammation, scarring, and angiogenesis

• LASIK procedure involves creating an epithelial flap with a microkeratome, applying excimer laser, and reattaching the flap, with potential complications such as microbial keratitis, corneal ectasia, and dry eye

• Ptosis can be caused by neurogenic, myogenic, aponeurotic, and mechanical factors, and may require surgical treatment

• Congenital ptosis can be simple or associated with Marcus Gunn jaw winking or Moebius syndrome, and may require surgical correction

• Ectropion, lagophthalmos, and conjunctival concretions can be managed with surgical procedures like conjunctiva-Muller resection and levator advancement

• Madarosis, or the loss of eyelashes, can be caused by various local, skin, and systemic disorders, and may require procedures for trichiasis or trichotillomania

• Subconjunctival hemorrhage, characterized by blood underneath the conjunctiva, can be caused by factors like Valsalva or medications and typically resolves without treatment

• Necrotizing fasciitis is a severe infection of subcutaneous tissues and skin, often caused by Streptococcus or Staphylococcus, requiring urgent medical attention

• Complications of LASIK surgery include microbial keratitis, corneal ectasia, and dry eye, which can be managed with appropriate treatment

• Surgical treatment for ptosis may be necessary in cases of abnormal low position of the upper lid, with symptoms such as visual loss and signs like diplopia or ocular motility changes