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Questions and Answers
Which of the following best describes the process of shaping in operant conditioning?
Which of the following best describes the process of shaping in operant conditioning?
- Reinforcing successive approximations of a desired behavior. (correct)
- Learning through observation and imitation of others' behaviors.
- Punishing undesired behaviors to decrease their frequency.
- Pairing a neutral stimulus with a conditioned stimulus to create a new response.
In the context of reinforcement schedules, what is the primary difference between a fixed ratio and a variable ratio schedule?
In the context of reinforcement schedules, what is the primary difference between a fixed ratio and a variable ratio schedule?
- Fixed ratio schedules deliver reinforcement after an unpredictable amount of time, while variable ratio schedules deliver reinforcement after a predictable amount of time.
- Fixed ratio schedules deliver reinforcement after a predictable number of responses, while variable ratio schedules deliver reinforcement after an unpredictable number of responses. (correct)
- Fixed ratio schedules are based on time intervals, whereas variable ratio schedules are based on the number of responses.
- Fixed ratio schedules are more resistant to extinction than variable ratio schedules.
Crespi's experiment, involving varying amounts of food pellets, illustrates what about reinforcement?
Crespi's experiment, involving varying amounts of food pellets, illustrates what about reinforcement?
- Reinforcement has no impact on an animal's running speed.
- Animals can not distinguish between different amounts of reinforcement.
- The amount and quality of reinforcement can have unexpected effects on behavior, such as negative and positive contrast. (correct)
- Animals always perform better with larger amounts of reinforcement.
Latent learning, as demonstrated by Tolman, suggests that:
Latent learning, as demonstrated by Tolman, suggests that:
What is a conditioned emotional response in the context of acquired fear?
What is a conditioned emotional response in the context of acquired fear?
Which of the following is a key characteristic of learned helplessness?
Which of the following is a key characteristic of learned helplessness?
How does associative retardation manifest as a symptom of learned helplessness?
How does associative retardation manifest as a symptom of learned helplessness?
Which of the following is a common symptom of learned helplessness in humans?
Which of the following is a common symptom of learned helplessness in humans?
What is a criticism of applying the learned helplessness model to human depression?
What is a criticism of applying the learned helplessness model to human depression?
In observational learning, also known as social learning theory, what role does vicarious reinforcement play?
In observational learning, also known as social learning theory, what role does vicarious reinforcement play?
What is the main focus of Albert Bandura's work?
What is the main focus of Albert Bandura's work?
In the context of self-reinforcement, what does the informational function refer to?
In the context of self-reinforcement, what does the informational function refer to?
Which of the following is NOT a component of the modeling process?
Which of the following is NOT a component of the modeling process?
According to the pain-aggression model, how is pain related to aggression?
According to the pain-aggression model, how is pain related to aggression?
How might classical conditioning contribute to aggressive behavior?
How might classical conditioning contribute to aggressive behavior?
What role does observational learning play in the development of aggressive behavior?
What role does observational learning play in the development of aggressive behavior?
How might classical conditioning contribute to the development of sexual fetishes?
How might classical conditioning contribute to the development of sexual fetishes?
How do classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning interact in real-life scenarios?
How do classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning interact in real-life scenarios?
Under which reinforcement schedule is a behavior the most resistant to extinction?
Under which reinforcement schedule is a behavior the most resistant to extinction?
What could be a good example of shaping?
What could be a good example of shaping?
What is an example of a positive contrast?
What is an example of a positive contrast?
Which one is better for testing latent learning?
Which one is better for testing latent learning?
How is learned helplessness related to passivity?
How is learned helplessness related to passivity?
In the context of learned helplessness, forcing the correct response can help to do what?
In the context of learned helplessness, forcing the correct response can help to do what?
What is the best strategy to improve learned helplessness?
What is the best strategy to improve learned helplessness?
Which of the following is a symptom of learned helplessness?
Which of the following is a symptom of learned helplessness?
What can happen if a female rat is paired with a scent?
What can happen if a female rat is paired with a scent?
How do they treat fears?
How do they treat fears?
Which of the following is the definition of Classical Conditioning?
Which of the following is the definition of Classical Conditioning?
Which is better: Intermittent or Continuous?
Which is better: Intermittent or Continuous?
What are the key elements of the modeling process?
What are the key elements of the modeling process?
How can modeling contribute to aggression?
How can modeling contribute to aggression?
What is the role of reinforcement in the modeling process?
What is the role of reinforcement in the modeling process?
How are functions in Self-Reinforcement?
How are functions in Self-Reinforcement?
According to classical conditioning, what would pair with aggression?
According to classical conditioning, what would pair with aggression?
What happens to castrated rates behavior with sexual experience?
What happens to castrated rates behavior with sexual experience?
Based on Hollie Pellosmaa's work, which of the following is an example of something that is not mutually exclusive?
Based on Hollie Pellosmaa's work, which of the following is an example of something that is not mutually exclusive?
Flashcards
Shaping
Shaping
A type of learning where behavior is shaped by reinforcing successive approximations toward a desired behavior.
Fixed Ratio Schedule
Fixed Ratio Schedule
Reinforcement is provided after a set number of responses, creating a high, steady rate of responding.
Variable Ratio Schedule
Variable Ratio Schedule
Reinforcement is given after an unpredictable number of responses, leading to a high and consistent rate of responding. Schedule is random.
Fixed Interval Schedule
Fixed Interval Schedule
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Variable Interval Schedule
Variable Interval Schedule
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Latent Learning
Latent Learning
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Acquired Fear
Acquired Fear
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Learned Helplessness
Learned Helplessness
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Observational Learning
Observational Learning
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Pain-Aggression Model
Pain-Aggression Model
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Classical Conditioning of Aggression
Classical Conditioning of Aggression
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Study Notes
- Learning occurs through classical, instrumental, and observational methods.
Operant Conditioning
- Shaping is a key component.
- It involves reinforcing successive approximations toward a desired behavior.
- Shaping consists of specifically targetting behavior then Chaining those behaviors together to achieve a goal.
Reinforcement Schedules
- Continuous reinforcement occurs every time.
- Intermittent reinforcement does not occur every time.
- Ratio reinforcement is based on the number of responses.
- Ratio reinforcement can be fixed or variable.
- Interval reinforcement is based on a unit of time.
- Interval reinforcement can be fixed or variable.
Amount/Quality of Reinforcement
- Larger amounts of reinforcement do not always correlate with better learning.
- Larger amounts can actually cause animals to stop.
- Crespi's Experiment involved rats running for 1, 16, or 256 pellets, then all running for 16 pellets to measure running speed.
- Negative contrast involves changing reinforcement from better to worse.
- Positive contrast involves changing reinforcement from worse to better.
Latent Learning
- Latent learning, studied by Tolman, is not immediately expressed in behavior.
- It affects performance rather than the initial learning process.
Acquired Fear
- Conditioned emotional responses can lead to acquired fears.
Learned Helplessness
- Learned helplessness involves demotivation of behavior.
- It is a psychological state with disturbances in motivation, cognition, and emotion.
- Learned helplessness arises from a perceived lack of control.
- It results in changes in behavior such as not resisting leaving a cage and submissiveness.
Symptoms of Learned Helplessness
- Passivity and learned laziness can occur.
- Associative retardation causes slow learning.
- Somatic effects include less aggressive and competitive behavior.
- Helplessness may reduce over time.
- Learned helplessness occurs in many animals and college students.
- The correct response may need to be forced to overcome it, or it can be prevented.
Learned Helplessness in Humans
- Reactive depression occurs as triggered by adverse events.
- Consequences include passivity, negative thoughts, and belief that behavior will be inneffective.
- Subjects are less aggressive and competitive.
- Symptoms can improve with time.
Criticisms of Human Learned Helplessness
- Individuals may retain latent learning but lack motivation to express it.
- Depression includes guilt and blame, which aren't explained by the model.
- The model does not account for why they lack control.
Observational Learning
- Observational learning is also known as social learning theory, vicarious learning, or modeling.
Albert Bandura
- Albert Bandura studied observational learning through the Bobo doll experiment
Self-Reinforcement
- Self-reinforcement increases performance by assessing how one's behavior matches others.
- Self-reinforcement provides informational feedback for learning how actions affect the environment.
- Self-reinforcement provides motivational rewards and punishments.
Modeling Process
- Attention is required to observe the behavior.
- Retention involves both verbal and imaginal memory.
- Reproduction is the action of observation.
- Reinforcement leads to learning the consequences of others' behaviors.
Learning and Aggression
- The pain-aggression model suggests that pain can lead to aggression.
- Aggression itself may be rewarding.
Classical Conditioning and Aggression
- Impulsive aggression is easiest to condition.
Modeling of Aggressive Behavior
- Observational learning can contribute to learning aggressive behaviors.
Sexual Motivation
- Male rats finish quicker when female rats are paired with a particular scent.
- Castrated male animals with sexual experience maintain sexual behavior longer.
- Fetishes in humans may be due to classical conditioning.
- Individuals can learn sexual values.
Learning
- Classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning are not mutually exclusive.
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