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What is the simplest and most basic form of learning?
What is the simplest and most basic form of learning?
Which process involves attaining knowledge by forming associations?
Which process involves attaining knowledge by forming associations?
What type of stimuli does habituation typically involve?
What type of stimuli does habituation typically involve?
Which type of learning occurs through association?
Which type of learning occurs through association?
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Which principle involves positively reinforcing a less frequently performed behavior with a more frequently performed behavior?
Which principle involves positively reinforcing a less frequently performed behavior with a more frequently performed behavior?
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In operant conditioning, what is used in clinical settings to shape desired behaviors by providing secondary reinforcers?
In operant conditioning, what is used in clinical settings to shape desired behaviors by providing secondary reinforcers?
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Who showed that children can learn to act aggressively by watching aggressive role models?
Who showed that children can learn to act aggressively by watching aggressive role models?
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What type of learning involves learning by watching others, such as parents or teachers?
What type of learning involves learning by watching others, such as parents or teachers?
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What are mirror neurons?
What are mirror neurons?
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What did Skinner not believe played much of a role in learning?
What did Skinner not believe played much of a role in learning?
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What is the process through which organisms learn to respond to a previously neutral stimulus that has been paired with another stimulus that elicits an automatic response?
What is the process through which organisms learn to respond to a previously neutral stimulus that has been paired with another stimulus that elicits an automatic response?
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What are the five primary components of classical conditioning?
What are the five primary components of classical conditioning?
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What is the phase during which a conditioned response is established in classical conditioning?
What is the phase during which a conditioned response is established in classical conditioning?
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When does extinction occur in classical conditioning?
When does extinction occur in classical conditioning?
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What is spontaneous recovery in classical conditioning?
What is spontaneous recovery in classical conditioning?
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What occurs during higher order conditioning in classical conditioning?
What occurs during higher order conditioning in classical conditioning?
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What type of learning is controlled by the consequences of behavior?
What type of learning is controlled by the consequences of behavior?
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What does operant conditioning involve?
What does operant conditioning involve?
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What are the outcomes that strengthen the probability of a response in operant conditioning?
What are the outcomes that strengthen the probability of a response in operant conditioning?
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Which process involves stopping the delivery of reinforcers, leading to a decline or disappearance of behavior?
Which process involves stopping the delivery of reinforcers, leading to a decline or disappearance of behavior?
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What was demonstrated by Watanabe et al. who trained pigeons to distinguish between paintings by Monet and Picasso using food reinforcement?
What was demonstrated by Watanabe et al. who trained pigeons to distinguish between paintings by Monet and Picasso using food reinforcement?
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What type of reinforcement affects the speed of learning and resistance to extinction in animals' behaviors?
What type of reinforcement affects the speed of learning and resistance to extinction in animals' behaviors?
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What are the major types of schedules of reinforcement that yield distinctive response patterns?
What are the major types of schedules of reinforcement that yield distinctive response patterns?
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What did Thorndike observe in the time for a cat to escape a box after 60 trials using a trial-and-error method?
What did Thorndike observe in the time for a cat to escape a box after 60 trials using a trial-and-error method?
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Study Notes
Operant Conditioning and Reinforcement
- Thorndike observed a gradual decrease in the time for a cat to escape a box after 60 trials, using a trial-and-error method.
- B.F. Skinner expanded on Watson and Thorndike's work on behavior, developing the Skinner box with a bar that delivers food, a food dispenser, and a light as a signal for reward.
- Reinforcements are outcomes that strengthen the probability of a response, including positive reinforcement (giving a stimulus) and negative reinforcement (removing a stimulus).
- Punishments are outcomes that weaken the probability of a response, such as positive punishment (administering a stimulus) and negative punishment (removing a stimulus).
- Various examples illustrate the application of operant conditioning, including positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, and negative punishment.
- Operant conditioning involves discriminative stimuli that signal the presence of reinforcement, as well as processes like acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery, stimulus generalization, and stimulus discrimination.
- Extinction involves stopping the delivery of reinforcers, leading to a decline or disappearance of behavior, while an extinction burst may cause an initial increase in undesired behavior before its decline.
- Stimulus discrimination was demonstrated by Watanabe et al. who trained pigeons to distinguish between paintings by Monet and Picasso using food reinforcement.
- Schedules of reinforcement, including continuous and partial reinforcement, affect the speed of learning and resistance to extinction in animals' behaviors.
- These schedules vary in consistency and basis of administering reinforcement, such as fixed or variable and ratio or interval schedules.
- Major types of schedules of reinforcement include fixed ratio, variable ratio, fixed interval, and variable interval, each yielding distinctive response patterns.
- Operant conditioning finds applications in various fields, including animal training through shaping by successive approximations and chaining.
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Description
Test your knowledge on operant conditioning and reinforcement with this quiz. Explore concepts such as Skinner box, reinforcement, punishment, and discriminative stimulus.
