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Questions and Answers
IPM is a strategy that completely replaces the use of pesticides.
False
What are the components of IPM?
Prevention, pest identification, inspection, monitoring, threshold limits, selecting the best pest management practices, and evaluation.
Why is pest identification important?
It helps in selecting the most effective pest management tool and understanding the pest's life cycle, biology, and behavior.
Which of the following is used primarily to monitor insect populations? (Select all that apply)
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What is the name of a group of insecticides that clog the breathing systems of insects and can also reduce egg survival?
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What is the mode of action of a pesticide?
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Which chemical family is derived from plant materials, has a relatively short-lived effect on insects, and blocks transmission of nerve impulses? List one example.
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What are the primary factors that influence the effectiveness of insecticides and explain what steps you might take to prevent this from happening?
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How may variations in the application rate occur?
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What are non-residential areas?
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Licensed exterminators can only offer services and perform exterminations as authorized by their licence.
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Who must provide public notice?
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The Structural licence does not authorize the use of pesticides in which of the following circumstances?
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Certain non-residential areas are exempt from notification requirements.
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The property owner must be advised in writing of the notification requirements.
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The holder of a Structural licence may control pests inside, around or in the vicinity of a building, structure, machine, vehicle or their contents.
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What are the three major body regions of adult insects?
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The __________ licensed exterminator must not supervise more than three technicians or trainees working at one or more extermination sites.
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What is the developmental stage that an insect undergoes between molts called?
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When can alternative notification be elected without the approval of the Director?
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Which of the following statements about metamorphosis is true?
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The abdomen of the insect bears the __________ organs in both the male and female insects.
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How can the class Arachnida be distinguished from insects?
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What four characteristics of vertebrate pests help in the choice of control methods?
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Earwigs have complete metamorphosis.
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True bugs (e.g., aphids, leaf hoppers, and scale insects) have sucking mouthparts.
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Flies and moths have two pairs of membranous wings.
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Spiders are insects.
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What order of insects can be identified by the presence of scales on their wings?
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What must be posted at least 24 hours but not more than seven days prior to a pesticide application in a non-residential area?
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Who must ensure that the 'Non-residential area' signs are removed?
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A residential area is defined as a lot of land with at least one but not more than four detached houses.
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How long must the 'Non-residential area' signs remain in place after land extermination?
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Which areas require the posting of a 'Non-residential area' sign?
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What should a pest control product notification include?
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Homeowners do not need to notify the public when applying pesticides to their own property.
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What is the maximum time allowed for the removal of 'Non-residential area' signs after extermination?
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Public health and safety is a reason to use pesticides under the exception to the cosmetic pesticide ban.
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Study Notes
Ontario Pesticide Training and Certification Overview
- Structural Module meets the National Standard for Pesticide Education, Training, and Certification in Canada.
- Module revised in 2020 due to amendments in the Pesticides Act.
- Core Manual and Structural Module are essential for Structural certification examinations.
Structural License Details
- Structural license allows control of pests in buildings, structures, vehicles, and their vicinity.
- Prohibited uses include fumigant gases, herbicides, termiticides, and pesticides for greenhouse plants.
- Unlicensed assistants must train to become technicians under direct supervision of licensed exterminators.
Pest Biology
- Understanding pest biology essential for effective pest management.
- Over 900,000 insect species exist, with most being non-pests or beneficial.
- Pest identification is crucial; insects become pests when they cause property damage or health issues.
Insect Anatomy
- Insects have three body regions: head, thorax, abdomen.
- They possess three pairs of legs, one pair of antennae, and may have one or two pairs of wings.
- The exoskeleton provides protection and support; insects breathe through spiracles.
Mouthparts and Feeding
- Insect mouthparts vary and are grouped into types for effective identification:
- Biting and chewing (e.g., caterpillars).
- Piercing and sucking (e.g., aphids).
- Lapping (e.g., adult butterflies).
Life Cycle of Insects
- Insects undergo three to five stages: egg, nymph, larva, pupa, and adult.
- Most insects start life as eggs; some species have multiple generations per year.
- Instar stages occur between molts; feeding mainly happens in the final instars.
Types of Metamorphosis
- No Metamorphosis: Young resemble adults (e.g., silverfish).
- Simple Metamorphosis: Egg to nymph to adult; all stages share the same habitat (e.g., cockroaches).
- Complete Metamorphosis: Includes egg, larva, pupa, and adult stages; larvae are often the most destructive phase (e.g., butterflies, flies).
Importance of Accurate Identification
- Accurate pest identification is critical for an effective Integrated Pest Management (IPM) program.
- Various resources, such as guides and publications, assist in pest identification.### Insect Orders and Traits
- Insects are classified into Orders based on common traits including wing presence, wing texture, mouthparts, and metamorphosis type.
- Silverfish and firebrats (Thysanura) are wingless with chewing mouthparts, damaging fabrics and paper. They exhibit no metamorphosis.
- Grasshoppers, crickets, and cockroaches (Orthoptera) have two pairs of wings and chewing mouthparts, with both nymphs and adults causing damage. They have incomplete metamorphosis.
- Earwigs (Dermaptera) feature non-poisonous pinchers and incomplete metamorphosis, causing damage in gardens and buildings.
- True bugs (Hemiptera) possess two pairs of wings folded over the body and have a beak for sucking. Examples include stink bugs and bed bugs, showing incomplete metamorphosis.
- Beetles and weevils (Coleoptera) have hardened front wings for protection and chewing mouthparts. They undergo complete metamorphosis with larval stages feeding on various plants.
- Butterflies and moths (Lepidoptera) have scaly wings and lapping mouthparts for feeding on nectar. Their larvae, including caterpillars, can be destructive and also exhibit complete metamorphosis.
- Flies, mosquitoes, and gnats (Diptera) possess sponging or sucking mouthparts and are known for transmitting diseases. They undergo complete metamorphosis.
- Bees, wasps, and ants (Hymenoptera) can be winged or wingless, with chewing and lapping mouthparts. This order includes pests capable of stinging and has complete metamorphosis.
Other Arthropods
- All insects belong to the phylum Arthropoda, which encompasses about 95% of known animal species.
- Class Arachnida (spiders, mites, ticks) possess eight legs and two body regions. Most spiders are beneficial predators.
- Mites feed on plant sap, causing leaf damage, while ticks suck blood and can transmit diseases like Lyme disease.
- Centipedes (Chilopoda) have a pair of legs per segment and are fast predators, while millipedes (Diplopoda) are slower and primarily feed on decaying matter, sometimes harming vegetables.
- Sowbugs and pillbugs (Crustacea) live in moist conditions and feed on decaying plant material, undergoing gradual metamorphosis.
Vertebrate Pests
- Vertebrate pests include birds, rodents, skunks, raccoons, and snakes, capable of causing significant structural damage.
- Bird droppings can contaminate food and harbor diseases like Histoplasmosis; rodent biology shows rapid population growth under favorable conditions, with female mice producing 8 litters over their lifetime.
- Effective control methods depend on understanding the habitat, food preference, and behavior of vertebrate pests.
Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
- IPM is a decision-making process aimed at managing pest populations below damaging levels, often reducing the need for chemical pesticides.
- Key components include prevention, pest identification, inspection, monitoring, setting threshold limits, selecting management practices, and evaluation.
Prevention Techniques
- Key prevention methods involve pest proofing structures by sealing entry points, repairing leaks, and maintaining clean environments free of debris.
- Proper sanitation practices, such as removing nesting sites and ensuring pest-proof garbage containers, are essential in pest management.
Importance of Pest Identification
- Accurate pest identification at the species and development stage is crucial for selecting effective management tools.
- A thorough diagnosis of pest problems is needed before implementing management actions.
Monitoring and Inspection
- Regular inspection helps determine the extent of pest populations through signs like droppings and damage.
- Monitoring tools (e.g., traps, pheromones) are used to track pest activity and evaluate pest management success.
Threshold Levels
- Threshold levels establish the acceptable number of pests before intervention is required, which can vary by facility type.
- Proactive management should prevent reaching threshold levels for pests in processed food environments.### Importance of Threshold Levels in Pest Management
- Understanding threshold levels helps determine when to take action against pest infestations.
- Effective management decisions can reduce commodity losses, decrease operational costs, and lessen pesticide usage.
- Increased client satisfaction often results from sound pest management practices.
Structural Integrated Pest Management Practices
- Integrated Pest Management (IPM) incorporates various practices:
- Legal: Adherence to federal and provincial laws regulating pest control.
- Cultural: Implementing practices to eliminate favorable pest conditions, such as sanitation, building maintenance, and proper food storage.
- Physical/Mechanical: Using traps, barriers, and repellent devices to manage pest populations.
- Biological: Employing natural controls like biopesticides and pheromones.
- Chemical: Using pesticides as a last resort while ensuring compliance with labels and legislation.
Legal Aspects of Pest Management
- Food establishments must maintain a pest-free environment.
- Pesticide labels are legal documents; instructions must be followed meticulously.
- Adherence includes application rates, target pests, and use precautions.
Cultural Practices
- Good sanitation prevents pest infestations; includes hygiene, waste disposal, and regular cleaning.
- Building maintenance can eliminate moisture sources, a key factor in pest survival.
- Proper storage practices like stock rotation and pallet use reduce pest access.
Mechanical and Physical Methods
- Physical barriers can prevent pest entry, such as air current units and plastic strips.
- Various trapping methods exist, including light traps and snap traps for rodents and insects.
- Devices like ultrasonic repellents and visual scares (e.g., plastic owls) deter pests.
Biological Management Techniques
- Biopesticides, pheromones, and insect growth regulators can effectively manage pest populations.
- Pheromone traps attract specific pests, aiding in monitoring rather than outright control.
- Research continues into more biological controls, such as using specific fungi or animals for pest management.
Chemical Pest Control
- Chemical approaches should be a last resort; conventional pesticides must be selected carefully based on efficacy and safety.
- Effective application frequently targets immature life stages of pests.
- Pesticide effectiveness is highest when used according to the label and relevant legislation.
Evaluation of Pest Control Programs
- Continuous monitoring before and after treatments assesses program effectiveness.
- Record-keeping aids in identifying successful strategies or areas needing improvement.
- Data collected can lead to adjustments in pest management practices.
Pesticide Basics Overview
- Knowledge of pesticide classifications aids in selecting the right pesticide for the intended use.
- Pesticides can be grouped by:
- Mode of action
- Target pest
- Chemical family
- Site of action
Grouping by Mode of Action
- Understanding route of entry (contact vs. systemic) and residual effectiveness is crucial for effective pest management.
- Insecticide categories include:
- Contact: Requires direct contact to kill.
- Systemic: Absorbed by plants, killing pests upon consumption.
- Stomach poisons: Must be ingested by pests.
- Growth regulators: Inhibit insect development, preventing reproduction.
Target Pest Grouping
- Common categories for structural pest management include insecticides, miticides, rodenticides, and avicides.
Importance of Chemical Families
- Pesticides are classified into families based on similar chemical structures.
- Understanding these classifications aids in assessing risks and selecting safer options.
- The Site of Action classification helps combat pesticide resistance in pest populations.
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Description
Test your knowledge and skills with the Ontario Pesticide Training and Certification Structural Module. This quiz covers essential topics related to the safe application of pesticides in structural settings. Designed for those preparing for certification, it ensures you are well-informed about practices and regulations in Ontario.
