Oncology MCQ 1
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What is the fundamental characteristic that differentiates cancerous cells from normal cells?

  • Unregulated and continuous cell division. (correct)
  • Cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase.
  • Rapid, but controlled cell proliferation.
  • Formation of encapsulated, benign masses.

    • Which of the following choices includes only examples of biological agents known to be carcinogenic?

  • Viruses, certain bacteria, and parasites. (correct)
  • UV radiation and tobacco smoke.
  • High fat diet and lack of exercise.
  • Benzene and ionizing radiation.

    • Which cellular safeguard is primarily assessed during the G1/S checkpoint of the cell cycle?

  • Initiation of mismatch repair mechanisms.
  • Duplication of centrioles.
  • Activation of DNA polymerase for replication.
  • Evaluation of nutrient availability and potential DNA damage. (correct)

    • Which DNA repair mechanism is recognized for its proneness to introduce errors during the repair process?

    <p>Non-homologous end joining (NHEJ).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are tumor suppressor genes typically affected in cancer?

    <p>They are typically inactivated or hypoactivated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what specific phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?

    <p>S phase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Rb protein in the context of the cell cycle?

    <p>Preventing cells from entering S phase prematurely.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which DNA repair method utilizes a complementary DNA strand as a template for accurate restoration of the damaged area?

    <p>Homologous recombination.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is most directly associated with cancer cells' ability to avoid programmed cell death?

    <p>Overexpression of Bcl-2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Activation of which signaling pathway is commonly seen in cancer cells to drive uncontrolled proliferation?

    <p>MAPK pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these immune cells is most directly involved in the targeted killing of tumor cells?

    <p>CD8+ T-cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A shift towards which metabolic process is a hallmark of cancer cells, known as the Warburg effect?

    <p>Aerobic glycolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the tumor microenvironment play in cancer progression?

    <p>Supplies the tumor with essential nutrients and growth factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following checkpoint proteins is critical for initiating cell cycle arrest in response to DNA damage?

    <p>p53</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A key characteristic of cancer cells that contributes to their ability to grow uncontrollably is:

    <p>Loss of contact inhibition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does radiation therapy primarily induce cell death in cancer?

    <p>By inducing DNA damage in cancer cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following genes is an example of a tumor suppressor gene?

    <p>p53</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hallmark of cancer refers to the ability to evade destruction by the immune system?

    <p>Evading immune system responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for unwinding DNA during the replication process?

    <p>Helicase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In cancers with mismatch repair deficiency, which process is primarily disrupted?

    <p>Replication fidelity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action for anti-PD-1 antibodies?

    <p>Block tumor-induced immune suppression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes CAR-T cells from natural T-cells?

    <p>They are genetically engineered to recognize specific antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does hypoxia affect the tumor microenvironment?

    <p>Promotes angiogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein complex is primarily responsible for regulating the G2/M checkpoint?

    <p>Cdk1/Cyclin B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of neoantigens in cancer therapy?

    <p>Serve as novel targets for immune system recognition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of therapy directly involves the use of engineered immune cells?

    <p>CAR-T cell therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What historical practice was among the first documented instances of immunization?

    <p>Variolation practiced in 16th century China</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory addresses the ability of the immune system to detect and eliminate cancerous cells?

    <p>Immunosurveillance Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is true about neoantigens?

    <p>They are unique to tumor cells and help immune cells recognize cancer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during the escape phase of immunoediting?

    <p>Cancer cells acquire resistance to immune attacks and grow uncontrollably.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of immune cells are responsible for presenting antigens to T-cells?

    <p>Dendritic cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism allows tumors to avoid recognition by T-cells?

    <p>Downregulation of MHC-I molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary danger signal released by cells to attract immune responses to early tumor growth?

    <p>Heat shock proteins and IFN-γ</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) contribute to immune evasion?

    <p>By forming a collagen barrier around the tumor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major limitation of the immunosurveillance theory?

    <p>Difficulty explaining tumor progression in immunocompetent individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of lactate production by tumors?

    <p>Lowers the pH of the tumor microenvironment, inhibiting immune cell function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of the Warburg effect in tumors?

    <p>Tumors switch to glycolysis even in the presence of oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do immune cells become anergic in the tumor microenvironment?

    <p>Lack of oxygen and glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of cancer?

    <p>Uncontrolled division of cells in specific tissues or organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are examples of biological carcinogens?

    <p>Viruses, bacteria, and parasites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the G1/S checkpoint, which of the following processes occurs?

    <p>Check for sufficient nutrients and DNA damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism is considered error-prone in DNA repair?

    <p>Non-homologous end joining (NHEJ)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding tumor suppressor genes in cancer?

    <p>They contribute to activating cell growth and differentiation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of the cell cycle involves DNA replication?

    <p>S phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Rb protein in the cell cycle?

    <p>Prevents the progression from G1 to S phase until conditions are met</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which DNA repair mechanism uses a complementary strand as a template?

    <p>Homologous recombination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during the M phase of the cell cycle?

    <p>Chromosomes are segregated into daughter cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which checkpoint ensures that all chromosomes are properly aligned before separation?

    <p>Metaphase to anaphase checkpoint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cancer is most likely to have a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation?

    <p>Breast and ovarian cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key feature defines a malignant tumor?

    <p>Metastatic potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of therapy uses small molecules or antibodies to target cancer?

    <p>Targeted therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell cycle checkpoint prevents mitosis if DNA is damaged?

    <p>G2/M checkpoint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic allows tumors to evade apoptosis?

    <p>Overexpression of Bcl-2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathway is commonly activated in cancer to promote growth?

    <p>MAPK pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What immune cell type directly kills tumor cells?

    <p>CD8+ T-cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which metabolic adaptation is seen in cancer cells?

    <p>Aerobic glycolysis (Warburg effect)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of tumor microenvironment in cancer progression?

    <p>Provides nutrients and growth signals to tumor cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which checkpoint protein is directly involved in preventing cell cycle progression with DNA damage?

    <p>ATM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What feature allows cancer cells to grow uncontrollably?

    <p>Loss of contact inhibition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does radiation therapy work to treat cancer?

    <p>Induces DNA damage in cancer cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a tumor suppressor gene?

    <p>p53</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hallmark of cancer involves avoiding immune destruction?

    <p>Evading immune system responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of a PET scan in oncology?

    <p>Measure glucose uptake in tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of immunotherapy uses checkpoint inhibitors?

    <p>Anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does "angiogenesis" refer to?

    <p>Formation of new blood vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these cells is part of the adaptive immune system?

    <p>B-cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of the immunoediting theory allows tumors to avoid immune destruction?

    <p>Escape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What protein is involved in homologous recombination repair?

    <p>BRCA1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does IL-10 have in the tumor microenvironment?

    <p>Suppresses immune responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) play in cancer?

    <p>Promote tumor growth and suppress immune activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hallmark of cancer is addressed by anti-VEGF therapy?

    <p>Inducing angiogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key role of dendritic cells in cancer immunity?

    <p>Presenting antigens to T-cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cancer treatment uses radiation to precisely target tumors?

    <p>Proton therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme unwinds DNA for replication?

    <p>Helicase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is primarily disrupted in cancers with mismatch repair deficiency?

    <p>Replication fidelity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of anti-PD-1 antibodies?

    <p>Block tumor-induced immune suppression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do CAR-T cells differ from natural T-cells?

    <p>They are genetically engineered to target specific antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does hypoxia have on the tumor microenvironment?

    <p>Promotes angiogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Oncology MCQ Study Notes Update

    • Cancer Definition: Cancer is characterized by uncontrolled cell division in specific tissues or organs.
    • Biological Carcinogens: Viruses, bacteria, and parasites are biological carcinogens. Tobacco, UV rays, benzene, and ionizing radiation are also examples of biological carcinogens.
    • G1/S Checkpoint: The G1/S checkpoint controls cell cycle progression by assessing sufficient nutrients and DNA integrity. It checks for DNA damage before DNA replication.
    • Error Prone DNA Repair: Non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) is an error-prone DNA repair mechanism.
    • Tumor Suppressor Genes in Cancer: Tumor suppressor genes are hypoactivated in cancer, hindering their role in regulating cell growth and differentiation. They do not, for instance, typically cause autosomal recessive inheritance.
    • DNA Replication Phase: DNA replication occurs during the S phase of the cell cycle.
    • Rb Protein's Role: The Rb protein prevents progression from G1 to S phase until specific conditions (e.g., sufficient nutrients) are met.
    • Homologous Recombination Repair: This DNA repair mechanism utilizes a complementary strand as a template.
    • M Phase Function: The M phase involves segregating replicated chromosomes into daughter cells.
    • Metaphase-to-Anaphase Checkpoint: This checkpoint ensures all chromosomes are properly aligned before separation.
    • BRCA1/2 Mutations: BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations are commonly associated with breast and ovarian cancer.
    • Malignant Tumor Definition: A malignant tumor has the potential to metastasize.
    • Targeted Therapy: Targeted therapy utilizes small molecules or antibodies to selectively target cancer cells.
    • G2/M Checkpoint: This checkpoint checks for DNA damage before mitosis. This checkpoint is also crucial for ensuring that complete replication and proper chromosome segregation takes place.
    • Apoptosis Resistance in Tumors: Overexpression of Bcl-2 contributes to tumor cells evading apoptosis.
    • Cancer-Promoting Pathways: The MAPK pathway is a common growth-promoting pathway in cancer.
    • Cytotoxic Immune Cells: CD8+ T-cells directly kill tumor cells.
    • Cancer Metabolism: Cancer cells demonstrate aerobic glycolysis (Warburg effect). They prefer glycolysis even in the presence of oxygen, in contrast to normal cells.
    • Tumor Microenvironment: The tumor microenvironment provides nutrients and growth signals to tumor cells, aiding in their progression.
    • DNA Damage Checkpoint Protein: ATM is a checkpoint protein directly involved in preventing cell cycle progression with DNA damage.
    • Uncontrolled Cell Growth: Loss of contact inhibition is a crucial feature allowing cancer cells to grow uncontrollably.
    • Radiation Therapy Mechanism: Radiation therapy induces DNA damage in cancer cells.
    • Tumor Suppressor Gene Example: p53 is a tumor suppressor gene.
    • Evading Immune Response: Evading immune system responses is one of the hallmarks of cancer.
    • PET Scan Function: A PET scan measures glucose uptake in tissues to detect cancer.
    • Immunotherapy using Checkpoint Inhibitors: Anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy uses checkpoint inhibitors.
    • Angiogenesis Definition: Angiogenesis is the formation of new blood vessels.
    • Adaptive Immune Cells: B-cells are part of the adaptive immune system.
    • Immunoediting Theory - Escape: The escape stage of the immunoediting theory enables tumors to avoid immune destruction.
    • Homologous Recombination Repair Protein: BRCA1 is involved in homologous recombination repair.
    • IL-10 Function in Tumor Microenvironment: IL-10 suppresses immune responses in the tumor microenvironment.
    • Tumor-Associated Macrophages (TAMs): TAMs promote tumor growth and suppress immune responses.
    • Anti-VEGF Therapy Target: Anti-VEGF therapy targets the angiogenesis pathway to reduce blood vessel formation and limit nutrient supply to the tumor.
    • Dendritic Cells Role: Dendritic cells present antigens to T-cells, a crucial step for initiating adaptive immunity.
    • Proton Therapy: Proton therapy is a precise targeted radiation therapy.
    • DNA Replication Enzyme: Helicase unwinds DNA for replication.
    • Mismatch Repair Deficiency: Mismatch repair deficiency disrupts replication fidelity in cancers, leading to mutations and uncontrolled cell growth.
    • Anti-PD-1 Antibody Mechanism: Blocks tumor-induced immune suppression, allowing the immune system to better recognize and attack the cancer cells.
    • CAR-T Cells: Genetically engineered to target specific antigens and differ from natural T-cells.
    • Hypoxia Effect on Tumor Microenvironment: Promotes angiogenesis, impacting the tumor's survival and growth by promoting new blood vessels and nutrient delivery.

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    Description

    This quiz covers essential concepts in oncology, including the definition of cancer, the role of biological carcinogens, and key checkpoints in the cell cycle. It also discusses tumor suppressor genes and DNA repair mechanisms, vital for understanding cancer progression and treatment. Test your knowledge and solidify your understanding of cancer biology with these multiple-choice questions.

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