General Concepts of Cancer and Cell Cycle
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Questions and Answers

What is the earliest known documentation of cancer?

  • Edwin Smith Papyrus (~3000 BC) (correct)
  • Modern pathology textbooks
  • Hippocratic Corpus (~400 BC)
  • Evidence from the 17th century

    • What is the definition of cancer?

  • Controlled growth of cells in tissues.
  • Uncontrolled growth of cells that form a mass and invade nearby tissues. (correct)
  • Normal cell proliferation in response to growth signals.
  • Overactive immune cells attacking healthy tissue.

    • Which of the following is NOT a recognized cause of cancer?

  • Lifestyle factors
  • Viral infections
  • Chemical carcinogens
  • High-fiber diets (correct)

    • What is the median age for cancer diagnosis?

    <p>66 years (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cancer-causing agents includes asbestos and UV radiation?

    <p>Physical carcinogens (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the G1/S checkpoint?

    <p>To verify DNA is intact and nutrients are sufficient for replication. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the activation of Cdk4-6/Cyclin D complexes during the G1 phase?

    <p>Growth factor signaling through pathways like PI3K/Akt/mTOR (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which transcription factor is released when Rb is phosphorylated?

    <p>E2F (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Cdk2/Cyclin A in the S phase?

    <p>To initiate DNA replication by recruiting helicase. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which checkpoint verifies that DNA replication is complete and error-free before mitosis?

    <p>G2/M checkpoint (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which DNA repair pathway is highly accurate and relies on a complementary DNA strand?

    <p>Homologous recombination (HR) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What protein recognizes mismatched bases during DNA replication?

    <p>MutS proteins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is NHEJ considered error-prone?

    <p>It does not restore the original genetic sequence. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does BRCA1 play in DNA repair?

    <p>It stabilizes the repair complex for homologous recombination. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which repair pathway are Ku proteins involved?

    <p>Non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a proto-oncogene contribute to cancer when mutated?

    <p>It becomes an oncogene that promotes uncontrolled cell growth. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to tumor suppressor genes in cancer?

    <p>They are mutated or inactivated. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is an example of a tumor suppressor gene?

    <p>BRCA1 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the inheritance pattern of BRCA1/2 mutations?

    <p>Autosomal dominant (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a hallmark of cells with defective BRCA1/2?

    <p>Genomic instability due to impaired DNA repair (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the therapeutic mechanism of PARP inhibitors?

    <p>Blocking single-strand break repair, leading to cell death in HR-deficient cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the concept of synthetic lethality in cancer treatment?

    <p>Exploiting specific vulnerabilities in cancer cells that rely on defective pathways. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does p53 respond to DNA damage?

    <p>By initiating apoptosis or cell cycle arrest. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Myc in cancer?

    <p>It regulates the cell cycle and is hyper-activated in cancer. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to cells at the metaphase-to-anaphase checkpoint if chromosomes are not properly attached to spindle fibers?

    <p>Mad2 inhibits APC/C, halting progression. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase is characterized by DNA synthesis and replication?

    <p>S phase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What enzyme complex promotes chromatin condensation in mitosis?

    <p>Cdk1/Cyclin B (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cyclin activates Cdk4/6 in the G1 phase?

    <p>Cyclin D (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What molecular pathway does Ras activate in response to growth factors?

    <p>MAPK pathway (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of DNA damage is most effectively repaired by homologous recombination?

    <p>Double-strand breaks (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    General Concepts of Cancer

    • Earliest known documentation of cancer: Edwin Smith Papyrus (~3000 BC)
    • Cancer definition: Uncontrolled growth of cells forming a mass and invading nearby tissues.
    • Not a recognized cancer cause: High-fiber diets
    • Median age for cancer diagnosis: 66 years

    Cell Cycle and Checkpoints

    • G1/S checkpoint purpose: To verify DNA integrity and sufficient nutrients for replication.
    • Cdk4-6/Cyclin D complexes activation trigger: Growth factor signaling through PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway during G1 phase.

    DNA Repair Mechanisms

    • Highly accurate DNA repair pathway: Homologous recombination (HR)
    • Protein recognizing mismatched bases: MutS
    • Error-prone DNA repair pathway: Non-homologous end joining (NHEJ)

    Tumor Suppressor Genes and Proto-Oncogenes

    • Proto-oncogene mutation effect: Promotes uncontrolled cell growth by becoming an oncogene.
    • Tumor suppressor gene effect in cancer: Mutation or inactivation.
    • Example of a tumor suppressor gene: BRCA1

    Inheritance Pattern of BRCA1/2 Mutations

    • Inheritance pattern: Autosomal dominant

    Hallmarks of Defective BRCA1/2

    • Hallmark: Increased homologous recombination repair.

    Cancer Therapies and Mechanisms

    • PARP inhibitors mechanism: Blocking single-strand break repair in HR-deficient cells, leading to cell death.

    Synthetic Lethality in Cancer Treatment

    • Concept: Exploiting specific vulnerabilities in cancer cells relying on defective pathways to kill tumor cells

    p53 Response to DNA Damage

    • p53 response: Initiates apoptosis or cell cycle arrest.

    Myc Role in Cancer

    • Myc role: Regulates the cell cycle and is hyper-activated in cancer.

    Metaphase-to-Anaphase Checkpoint

    • Checkpoint failure: Mad2 inhibits APC/C, halting progression.

    Cell Cycle Phase Characterized by DNA Synthesis

    • Phase: S phase

    Enzyme for Chromatin Condensation in Mitosis

    • Enzyme: Cdk1/Cyclin B

    Cyclin Activating Cdk4/6 in G1 Phase

    • Cyclin: Cyclin D

    Ras Pathway Activation

    • Pathway: MAPK pathway in response to growth factors.

    DNA Damage Repair by Homologous Recombination

    • DNA damage type: Double-strand breaks

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    Description

    This quiz covers key concepts related to cancer, including its definition, the significance of cell cycle checkpoints, and DNA repair mechanisms. It also discusses the roles of tumor suppressor genes and proto-oncogenes in cancer development. Test your knowledge on these fundamental topics in oncology!

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