Oncology MCQ 2

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Questions and Answers

What protein complex regulates the G2/M checkpoint?

Cyclin D/Cdk4

Cdk1/Cyclin B (correct)

ATM/ATR

Rb/E2F

What is the significance of neoantigens in cancer?

They reduce tumor growth

They enhance DNA repair

They prevent angiogenesis

They are novel targets for immune recognition (correct)

Which therapy directly involves engineered immune cells?

Radiation therapy

Chemotherapy

CAR-T cell therapy (correct)

Hormonal therapy

What was the first documented instance of immunization?

Variolation in 16th century China Signup and view all the answers

What observation led William Coley to hypothesize the use of infections to treat cancer?

Spontaneous tumor remission in an osteosarcoma patient after erysipelas infection Signup and view all the answers

Which theory explains the ability of the immune system to detect and prevent cancerous cells from forming tumors?

Immunosurveillance Theory Signup and view all the answers

Who first proposed the immunosurveillance theory?

P. Ehrlich Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of the immunoediting theory involves the immune system exerting selective pressure, leading to tumor dormancy?

Equilibrium Signup and view all the answers

During the elimination phase of immunoediting, which immune system components are primarily involved in eradicating tumor cells?

Natural killer cells and T-cells Signup and view all the answers

What is TRUE about neoantigens?

They are unique to tumor cells and help immune cells recognize cancer. Signup and view all the answers

Which immune system reaction could be a result of misrecognition of harmless compounds?

Autoimmune diseases Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the escape phase of immunoediting?

Cancer cells acquire resistance to immune attacks and grow uncontrollably. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of immune cells are responsible for presenting antigens to T-cells?

Dendritic cells Signup and view all the answers

What is a major limitation of the immunosurveillance theory?

Difficulty explaining tumor progression in immunocompetent individuals Signup and view all the answers

What molecule on tumor cells is essential for T-cell recognition via TCR?

Neoantigen-MHC complex Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a primary function of IFN-y in tumor immunity?

Induce tumor cell apoptosis and attract immune cells Signup and view all the answers

Why is the equilibrium phase often silent in terms of clinical symptoms?

Immune cells maintain a balance with tumor cells, preventing significant growth. Signup and view all the answers

What feature distinguishes adaptive immunity from innate immunity?

Memory and specificity for antigens Signup and view all the answers

What role does Darwinian microevolution play in cancer progression during the equilibrium phase?

Tumor cells evolve new mechanisms to evade immune detection. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary danger signal released by cells to attract immune responses to early tumor growth?

Heat shock proteins and IFN-Y Signup and view all the answers

What does Coley's toxin demonstrate about cancer treatment?

Infections can boost immune responses against tumors. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the thymus in T-cell development?

Eliminate self-reactive T-cells Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes innate immunity from adaptive immunity?

Is immediate and non-specific Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism allows tumors to avoid recognition by T-cells?

Downregulation of MHC-I molecules Signup and view all the answers

How do cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) contribute to immune evasion?

By forming a collagen barrier around the tumor Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of VEGF in tumor immune escape?

Induces angiogenesis and reduces adherence factors on endothelial cells Signup and view all the answers

How do tumors resist apoptosis mediated by T-cells?

Downregulating Fas and upregulating FasL Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of the Warburg effect in tumors?

Tumors switch to glycolysis even in the presence of oxygen Signup and view all the answers

Why do immune cells become anergic in the tumor microenvironment?

Lack of oxygen and glucose Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of lactate production by tumors?

Lowers the pH of the tumor microenvironment, inhibiting immune cell function Signup and view all the answers

How does hypoxia in the tumor microenvironment affect immune cells?

Suppresses immune cell activity Signup and view all the answers

Which cytokine is involved in increasing T-cell sensitivity to apoptosis?

TNF-α Signup and view all the answers

What transformation occurs in macrophages under tumor-induced conditions?

M1 macrophages become M2 macrophages Signup and view all the answers

How do tumors interfere with immune cell navigation?

By producing nonfunctional ligands that block CXCR3 Signup and view all the answers

What role do regulatory T-cells (Tregs) play in the tumor microenvironment?

Promote tumor immune suppression Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of fibroblast conversion into CAFs?

Builds a protective barrier around the tumor Signup and view all the answers

What happens when CD4 T-cells are converted in the tumor microenvironment?

They transform into regulatory T-cells (Tregs) Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism allows tumors to suppress NK cell activity?

Upregulation of soluble ligands Signup and view all the answers

How do tumors promote the metabolic inhibitory mechanism?

By increasing lactate production and reducing oxygen availability Signup and view all the answers

Which immune cells are most affected by glucose depletion in the tumor microenvironment?

T-cells Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Oncology Exam Preparation - MCQ

Q41: The protein complex that regulates the G2/M checkpoint is Cdk1/Cyclin B.
Q42: Neoantigens are significant in cancer because they are novel targets for the immune system.
Q43: CAR-T cell therapy directly involves engineered immune cells.
Q44: The first documented instance of immunization was variolation in 16th-century China.
Q45: William Coley's observation of spontaneous tumor remission following erysipelas infection led him to hypothesize using infections to treat cancer.
Q46: The theory that explains the immune system's ability to detect and prevent cancerous cells is the immunosurveillance theory.
Q47: Edward Jenner was not involved with the immunosurveillance theory. This was first proposed by F.M. Burnet.
Q48: The phase of immunoediting where the immune system exerts selective pressure leading to tumor dormancy is called equilibrium phase.
Q49: During the elimination phase of immunoediting, dendritic cells, macrophages, natural killer cells, and T-cells are primarily involved in eradicating tumor cells.
Q50: Neoantigens are unique to tumor cells and help immune cells recognize cancer.
Q51: An immune system reaction that results from misrecognition of harmless compounds is called autoimmune disorders.
Q52: The escape phase of immunoediting is characterized by cancer cells resisting immune attacks, grow uncontrollably, and immune cells enter a dormant state.
Q53: Dendritic cells are responsible for presenting antigens to T-cells.
Q54: A limitation of the immunosurveillance theory is that it does not fully explain tumor progression and doesn't adequately account for the complexity of tumor development and immune evasion.
Q55: The molecule on tumor cells essential for T-cell recognition through TCR is the neoantigen-MHC complex.
Q56: A primary function of IFN-y in tumor immunity is inducing tumor cell apoptosis and attracting immune cells.
Q57: The equilibrium phase is often silent because tumors are not typically actively growing or being actively killed during this period.
Q58: A feature that distinguishes adaptive immunity from innate immunity is its memory and specificity for antigens.
Q59: During the equilibrium phase of cancer progression, tumor cells develop new mechanisms to evade the immune system (e.g., immune evasion, suppression by tumor cells, etc.).
Q60: Heat shock proteins and IFN-Y are primary danger signals that attract immune responses to early tumor growth.
Q61: Coley's toxin demonstrates that infections can boost immune responses against tumors.
Q62: The primary role of the thymus in T-cell development is eliminating self-reactive T-cells.
Q63: Innate immunity is immediate and non-specific. Adaptive immunity involves antigen presentation.
Q64: Tumors evade T-cell recognition by downregulating MHC-I molecules, altering surface proteins, and/or blocking signals that activate T cells.
Q65: Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) contribute to immune evasion by forming a collagen barrier around the tumor and/or producing substances that suppress immune responses.
Q66: VEGF plays a role in tumor immune escape, promoting aerobic metabolism.
Q67: Tumors resist apoptosis mediated by T-cells by downregulating Fas and upregulating FasL, potentially altering cell surface receptors and pathways.
Q68: A key characteristic of the Warburg effect in tumors is the reliance on glycolysis even in the presence of oxygen.
Q69: Immune cells become anergic in the tumor microenvironment due to factors such as lack of oxygen, glucose, and/or inhibitory signals from the tumor microenvironment and/or tumor cells.
Q70: Lactate production by tumors lowers the pH of the tumor microenvironment, inhibiting immune cell function due to the high acidity.
Q71: Hypoxia in the tumor microenvironment suppresses immune cell activity due to reduced nutrient availability and oxygen levels.
Q72: IFN-γ is involved in increasing T-cell sensitivity to apoptosis.
Q73: M1 macrophages convert to M2 macrophages under tumor-induced conditions.
Q74: Tumors interfere with immune cell navigation by producing nonfunctional ligands that block CXCR3 (or other receptors involved in immune cell movement).
Q75: Regulatory T-cells (Tregs) enhance tumor immune suppression by suppressing immune responses.
Q76: Conversion of fibroblasts into CAFs builds a protective barrier around the tumor, inhibits angiogenesis, and provides a supportive microenvironment for tumor growth.
Q77: CD4 T-cells are converted to regulatory T-cells (Tregs) within the tumor microenvironment, contributing to immune suppression.
Q78: Tumor suppression of NK cell activity is achieved by downregulating MHC-I molecules, which reduces their ability to recognize and destroy tumor cells.
Q79: Tumors promote the metabolic inhibitory mechanism by increasing lactate production and reducing oxygen availability to suppress immune cells.
Q80: The immune cells most affected by glucose depletion in the tumor microenvironment are T cells and other immune cells.

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Description

Prepare for your oncology exam with this multiple-choice quiz that covers essential topics such as immune therapy, cancer immunology, and historical insights in cancer treatment. Test your knowledge on key concepts such as neoantigens, CAR-T cell therapy, and immunoediting phases. This quiz is perfect for students and professionals looking to strengthen their understanding of oncology.