Oligosaccharides and Polysaccharides Quiz

False (B)

N-glycosidic link and O-glycosidic link

<p>glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Maltose = Glucose + Glucose Lactose = Galactose + Glucose Sucrose = Glucose + Fructose Raffinose = Galactose + Glucose + Fructose</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glycosidase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Maltose, lactose, or sucrose</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sucrose does not have a reducing end. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Starch and glycogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>D-glucose, D-fructose</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Starch = Storage polysaccharide Cellulose = Structural support for plants Chitin = Structural support for arthropods Mucopolysaccharides = Cell membrane protection and recognition</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Two or more different types of monosaccharide units (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>branching</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Storage polysaccharide (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cellulose</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>amylopectin</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Starch = Major storage polysaccharide in plants Glycogen = Main storage polysaccharide in humans Amylose = Long unbranched chains of glucose Hyaluronic acid = Disaccharide unit of N-acetylglucosamine and glucuronic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They consist of linear chains of repeating disaccharide units (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>skeletal muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Maltose (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>β-D-galactose and α-D-glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>D-glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lactose = Milk Maltose = Germinating cereals Sucrose = Cane sugar Isomaltose = Sugar beets</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>α-1,2 glucosidic bond (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lactase</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is covalently attached to proteins. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased elasticity due to reduced association between collagen and hyaluronic acid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Facilitating invasion of a host by hydrolyzing hyaluronic acid. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hyaluronic Acid = Synovial fluid, vitreous humor, umbilical cord Chondroitin Sulfates = Cartilage, tendons, ligaments Dermatan Sulfate = Skin, blood vessels, heart valves Heparin = Connective tissues and blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Facilitation of scar formation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anticoagulant (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cornea, Cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>serine</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Form part of the extracellular matrix (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Heparin = Anticoagulant Glycoproteins = Cell-cell communication and blood group determination Proteoglycans = Components of extracellular matrix Keratan Sulfate = Found in cornea and cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>N-acetylglucosamine and galactose</p> Signup and view all the answers

A covalent bond that links two monosaccharides together forming oligosaccharides and polysaccharides.

Enzymes that break down glycosidic bonds, separating monosaccharides.

Enzymes that create glycosidic bonds, linking monosaccharides together.

A molecule composed of 3-10 monosaccharide units, including hexoses and pentoses.

A bond between a sugar molecule and an NH2 group.

A bond between a sugar molecule and an OH group.

A complex carbohydrate composed of many sugar molecules.

Branched or unbranched polymers of monosaccharides.

Two monosaccharide units linked by a glycosidic bond.

Disaccharides composed of two identical monosaccharide units.

Disaccharides composed of two different monosaccharide units.

The carbon atom involved in forming the ring structure of a sugar molecule.

Sugars that can donate electrons in a reaction, usually possess a free anomeric carbon.

Sugars that cannot donate electrons in a reaction, both anomeric carbons are involved in glycosidic bonds.

A disaccharide composed of β-D-galactose and α-D-glucose linked by a β-1, 4-galactosidic bond.

A disaccharide composed of two D-glucose residues linked by an α-1, 4-glucosidic bond.

A sugar containing tens to thousands of monosaccharide units joined by glycosidic bonds.

Polysaccharides differ in their chain length, branching patterns, and the types of monosaccharide units they contain.

A polysaccharide with only one type of monosaccharide unit, example: starch, glycogen, and cellulose.

A polysaccharide with two or more different types of monosaccharide units, example: hyaluronic acid.

Polysaccharides that serve as energy reserves for cells, such as starch in plants and glycogen in animals.

Polysaccharides that provide structural support for organisms, such as cellulose in plants and chitin in arthropods.

Polysaccharides that are located on the cell membrane and play roles in protection, recognition, and communication.

Polysaccharides that are found in connective tissues and provide lubrication, support, and cushioning.

Starch is a glucose homopolymer found in plants, serving as a major storage polysaccharide in our food.

Amylose is a long, unbranched chain of glucose molecules connected by α(1→4) glycosidic linkages.

Amylopectin is a branched chain of glucose molecules connected by α(1→4) linkages, with α(1→6) branches occurring every 24-30 residues.

Glycogen is the main storage polysaccharide in humans, consisting of a branched chain of glucose units linked by α(1→4) and α(1→6) glycosidic bonds.

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are composed of repeating disaccharide units, often containing hexoses, hexosamines, and hexuronic acids. They are polar, negatively charged molecules with high molecular weight.

Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a type of GAG with a disaccharide unit composed of N-acetylglucosamine and glucuronic acid.

Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a unique glycosaminoglycan (GAG) that is not sulfated and not covalently attached to proteins. Unlike other GAGs, it is also found in bacteria, not just animal tissues.

Hyaluronic acid is a crucial component of synovial fluid, vitreous humor, umbilical cord, connective tissue, and cartilage. It acts as a lubricant and shock absorber.

Aging leads to the replacement of hyaluronic acid with dermatan sulfate in synovial fluid, which is not as effective a lubricant, resulting in joint pain.

Aging reduces the elasticity of vitreous humor due to decreased association between collagen and hyaluronic acid, affecting vision.

Decreased hyaluronic acid content in the skin with age promotes scar formation.

During the initial stage of wound healing, hyaluronic acid concentration increases at the wound site to facilitate rapid cell migration for connective tissue regeneration.

Hyaluronic acid is involved in the movement and spread of tumor cells.

Some pathogenic bacteria, like those causing pneumonia and meningitis, produce hyaluronate lyase, an enzyme that breaks down hyaluronic acid, aiding their invasion of a host.

Heparin is a naturally occurring anticoagulant that binds to antithrombin III, a protein involved in stopping blood clotting.

Heparin is found inside mast cells, which are specialized cells in arteries, particularly in the liver, lungs, and skin.

Keratan Sulfate (KS) is a type of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) that doesn't contain uronic acid, unlike other GAGs. It's made up of N-acetylglucosamine and galactose.

Proteoglycans are molecules composed of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) covalently linked to a core protein. They play a crucial role in connective tissue.

Proteoglycans are found in the extracellular matrix (ECM) of connective tissue, where they provide structure and support. Examples include Aggrecan.

Glycoproteins are proteins with attached carbohydrate chains, usually oligosaccharides. They are found in various body fluids and cell membranes.

The carbohydrate chains on glycoproteins play important roles in cell recognition and communication, like determining blood groups.

The oligosaccharide chains on glycoproteins can be attached to proteins through two main types of bonds: O-glycosidic bonds and N-glycosidic bonds.