Nutrition: The Seven Food Groups
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Nutrition: The Seven Food Groups

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the seven major food groups?

  • Proteins
  • Carbohydrates
  • Vitamins
  • Proper Color (correct)

    • Fats are not needed in the diet for energy storage.

    False

    List three examples of foods that contain proteins.

    Meat, beans, and nuts.

    The food group that is not digested by the body is __________.

    <p>fiber</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each food group to its primary function:

    <p>Proteins = Repair and build tissues Carbohydrates = Provide energy Fats = Store energy and support cell structure Vitamins and Minerals = Support various body functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about iron is correct?

    <p>Iron is a mineral needed for red blood cell production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is constipation?

    <p>A condition where a person has difficulty passing stools or has infrequent bowel movements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All carbohydrates are simple sugars.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Carbohydrates are important in the diet because they provide __________.

    <p>energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Y9 Biology, which topic is NOT covered?

    <p>Astrophysics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which food group is primarily responsible for providing energy to the body?

    <p>Carbohydrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fats are primarily used by the body for growth and repair of cells.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name two sources of vitamin C.

    <p>Fruits and vegetables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ________ is important for encouraging a smooth passage of food through the Alimentary canal.

    <p>Fibre</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following food groups with their primary function:

    <p>Carbohydrates = Provides energy Proteins = Growth and repair Fats = Insulation Vitamins = Efficient nutrient use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a source of iron?

    <p>Red meat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Water is only needed in large amounts for the body to function properly.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does vitamin D play in the body?

    <p>Helps absorb calcium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Proteins are essential for the __________ and repair of cells.

    <p>growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these food groups is not classified as a macronutrient?

    <p>Vitamins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What color does the ethanol solution turn if fats are present?

    <p>Cloudy white</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Protein testing uses Biuret solution, which is blue to start and turns lilac if protein is present.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which solution is used to test for starch?

    <p>Iodine solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which food group is primarily responsible for the growth and repair of cells?

    <p>Proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fibre is a type of carbohydrate that can be digested by the body.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The reagent that starts out colorless and turns milky/cloudy white when fats are present is __________.

    <p>ethanol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the test with its positive result:

    <p>Starch = Blue-black Protein = Lilac/purple Fat = Cloudy white</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of fats in the diet?

    <p>Energy source and insulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    _____ are essential for the body to utilize other nutrients efficiently and are needed only in small amounts.

    <p>Vitamins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary function of proteins in the diet?

    <p>Growth and repair of cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the food group with its main function:

    <p>Carbohydrates = Source of energy Proteins = Growth and repair Fats = Energy storage and insulation Fibre = Smooth digestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ethanol remains colorless if no fat is present.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What common dietary component is important for helping prevent constipation?

    <p>Fiber</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vitamin is important for maintaining a healthy immune system?

    <p>Vitamin C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A positive test for starch results in a color change to __________.

    <p>blue-black</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Minerals are required in large amounts for the body to function properly.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of fats?

    <p>Prevents constipation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of carrying out food tests for starch, proteins, and fats?

    <p>To identify the presence of these macronutrients in food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Water is essential for the body as it helps to transport nutrients and _____ waste from cells.

    <p>remove</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a source of carbohydrates?

    <p>Bread</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What color does the iodine solution turn if starch is present?

    <p>Blue-black</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Iodine solution is blue to start before testing for starch.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of carbohydrates in the human diet?

    <p>To provide energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The biuret solution turns __________ if proteins are present.

    <p>lilac/purple</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the food groups with their corresponding food sources:

    <p>Starch = Bread Protein = Chicken Glucose = Honey Lipids = Oils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is an essential vitamin for hydration?

    <p>Water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Glucose is a complex sugar.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    List two food sources of carbohydrates.

    <p>Potatoes and Pasta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Food testing for proteins involves using __________ solution.

    <p>Biuret</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of lipids?

    <p>They provide energy storage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a component of a balanced diet?

    <p>Fats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fibre is a source of energy in the diet.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name a test that is used to detect reducing sugars.

    <p>Benedict's test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A positive test for fats results in the ethanol solution turning __________.

    <p>milky/cloudy white</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following food groups with their primary function:

    <p>Carbohydrates = Energy source Proteins = Growth and repair Vitamins = Regulating body processes Minerals = Building strong bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vitamin is important for improving vision?

    <p>Vitamin A</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Water is not considered a necessary component of a balanced diet.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of proteins in the diet?

    <p>Growth and repair of cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fats are primarily used by the body for __________ storage.

    <p>energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What common household ingredient is used in the emulsion test for fats?

    <p>Ethanol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What color does the Biuret solution turn if proteins are present?

    <p>Lilac</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Reducing sugars turn the Benedict's solution blue.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a reducing sugar?

    <p>Glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    To test for (1), you use (2) solution.

    <p>proteins, Biuret</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The color of the iodine solution is (1) before the test and turns (2) if starch is present.

    <p>brown, blue-black</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the test with the expected color change when the substance is present:

    <p>Benedict's Test = Brick Red Biuret Test = Lilac Iodine Test = Blue-Black Methyl Red Test = Red</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must be done to the Benedict's solution when testing for reducing sugars?

    <p>It must be boiled.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The colorless solution of Benedict's turns cloudy with a positive result.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    To test foods for reducing sugars, you use (1)_, which is colorless to start with.

    <p>Benedict's solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of heating the Benedict's solution during the test?

    <p>To facilitate the reaction to identify reducing sugars.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following health issues is NOT associated with obesity?

    <p>Fatigue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Obesity can cause damage to the body's joints due to excess weight.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is malnutrition?

    <p>A condition resulting from an unbalanced diet that leads to deficiencies or excesses of nutrients.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Under-eating can lead to __________, a condition where individuals do not consume enough calories.

    <p>anorexia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the health problems with their associated causes:

    <p>Coronary heart disease = Obesity Type II diabetes = Obesity Fatigue = Anorexia Infertility = Anorexia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vitamin deficiency is often slow to develop due to the vitamin's solubility?

    <p>Vitamin A</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Overnutrition is primarily a concern in developing countries.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name two health problems associated with undernutrition of energy.

    <p>Fatigue and slow growth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Excessive food intake can lead to __________, which is a form of malnutrition.

    <p>obesity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is commonly linked with high blood pressure as a result of obesity?

    <p>Coronary heart disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a consequence of an unbalanced diet?

    <p>Being overweight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vitamin C is primarily obtained from animal sources.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What disease is caused by vitamin D deficiency?

    <p>Rickets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Iron deficiency can lead to __________.

    <p>anaemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the vitamin with its deficiency disease:

    <p>Vitamin C = Scurvy Vitamin D = Rickets Iron = Anaemia Calcium = Brittle bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which food is a rich source of calcium?

    <p>Milk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Protein deficiency can lead to Kwashiorkor.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of obesity related to diet?

    <p>Overeating</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Calcium helps to regulate __________ contraction.

    <p>muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms is associated with vitamin C deficiency?

    <p>Swollen gums</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a balanced diet?

    <p>Having correct proportions of different food groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An unbalanced diet can lead to malnutrition.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What could be a consequence of overeating?

    <p>Obesity or health issues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lack of vitamin C can lead to __________ disease.

    <p>scurvy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each deficiency disease with its related nutrient:

    <p>Night blindness = Vitamin A Rickets = Vitamin D Anemia = Iron Goiter = Iodine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which food group is primarily responsible for providing energy?

    <p>Fats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Minerals are required in large amounts for the body to function properly.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one effect of starvation on the body.

    <p>Muscle loss or weakened immune system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A diet high in __________ can lead to heart disease.

    <p>saturated fats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is associated with a vitamin D deficiency?

    <p>Rickets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What color does the iodine solution turn when testing for starch?

    <p>Blue/Black</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A balanced diet means having the same amount of all food groups.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the solution used to test for proteins?

    <p>Biuret solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The solution used to test for reducing sugars is __________.

    <p>Benedict's solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the food groups with their positive test results:

    <p>Proteins = Lilac/Purple Reducing Sugar = Brick Red/Orange Starch = Blue/Black Fats = Milky White emulsion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about malnutrition is correct?

    <p>Malnutrition can result from an unbalanced diet.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ethanol solution must be heated to work effectively.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What color will Biuret solution be when testing with liver?

    <p>Lilac/Purple</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If butter contains reducing sugars, the Benedict’s solution will turn __________.

    <p>Brick Red/Orange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which food group provides essential vitamins for body function?

    <p>Vitamins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of vitamin C deficiency?

    <p>Scurvy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vitamin D can be obtained primarily from food sources.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What disease is caused by iron deficiency?

    <p>Anaemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The mineral __________ is essential for strong bones and teeth.

    <p>calcium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the deficiency to its related condition:

    <p>Vitamin C = Scurvy Vitamin D = Rickets Iron = Anaemia Calcium = Brittle bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which food source is considered the best for obtaining iron?

    <p>Dark green vegetables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Kwashiorkor is a disease associated with protein deficiency.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one symptom of calcium deficiency.

    <p>Brittle bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vitamin C is important for the production of __________ in the body.

    <p>collagen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms is associated with a deficiency of vitamin D?

    <p>Brittle bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What health issue is associated with fatty deposits in arteries?

    <p>Coronary heart disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Under-eating can lead to bulimia.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one health consequence of arthritis?

    <p>Joint pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fatigue and tiredness are common health problems associated with __________.

    <p>anorexia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following health issues with their associated conditions:

    <p>Coronary heart disease = Fatty deposits in arteries Type II diabetes = Blood glucose control issues Arthritis = Joint pain due to excess weight Anorexia = Fatigue and tiredness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a consequence of obesity?

    <p>High blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Type II diabetes is a result of not getting enough energy in the diet.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name a common consequence of undernutrition in energy.

    <p>Fatigue or poor immune system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fat soluble vitamin deficiencies take time to develop because they are stored in the __________.

    <p>fat tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is the most common form of undernutrition found in developed countries?

    <p>Iron deficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the best treatment for a person with persistent diarrhoea?

    <p>Drink a solution of sugar and salt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A child with rickets would benefit from a diet high in vitamin C.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nutrient is likely to be low in a diet consisting only of meat, oily fish, cheese, and bread?

    <p>vitamin C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Eating plenty of fresh fruits and vegetables helps prevent __________ bones.

    <p>brittle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following foods with their corresponding beneficial nutrient:

    <p>A = Calcium B = Vitamin D C = Iron D = Vitamin C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which meal option has the highest fiber content to prevent constipation?

    <p>Meal C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A positive biuret test indicates the presence of carbohydrates.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What color does biuret reagent turn when protein is present?

    <p>purple</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be used as a treatment for persistent diarrhoea?

    <p>Drinking a solution of sugar and salt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Rickets can be a result of poor nutrition.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nutrient is likely to be low in a diet consisting only of meat, oily fish, cheese, and bread?

    <p>vitamin C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Eating plenty of fresh fruit and vegetables can help prevent __________.

    <p>brittle bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the food types with the nutrients they contain:

    <p>Eggs = Vitamin B12 Milk = Calcium Oranges = Vitamin C Carrots = Vitamin A</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which meal is most likely to prevent constipation based on its fiber content?

    <p>Meal C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A food that tests positive for protein will turn the biuret solution from blue to purple.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What nutrient is indicated by a positive test using the iodine solution?

    <p>starch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A person with bleeding gums may be lacking __________.

    <p>vitamin C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which food is considered the richest source of the vitamin or mineral essential for transporting oxygen by the blood?

    <p>Eggs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mineral ion is primarily responsible for making bone?

    <p>Calcium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Haemoglobin is a type of carbohydrate.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of haemoglobin?

    <p>To transport oxygen from the lungs to the tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    To make haemoglobin, a mineral ion that is essential in the diet is __________.

    <p>iron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of nutrient with its main function:

    <p>Proteins = Building and repairing tissues Carbohydrates = Providing energy Minerals = Supporting various bodily functions Vitamins = Supporting metabolic processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nutrient is necessary for athletes during training?

    <p>Proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Carbohydrates are consumed less by athletes three days before a marathon.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one type of nutrient required in small quantities in the human diet.

    <p>Vitamins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The small molecules that combine to form haemoglobin are called __________.

    <p>amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do athletes aim to achieve by consuming carbohydrates before an event?

    <p>To boost energy levels and store glycogen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the independent variable in the experiment?

    <p>The type of fruit juice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The dependent variable in this experiment is the volume of the drops.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the experimenters ensure that the results are reliable?

    <p>By carrying out the experiment twice for each fruit juice.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The control variables include the volume of the drops, the volume of __________ in the test tube, and the concentration of the DCPIP.

    <p>DCPIP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following fruit juices to their mean number of drops added before DCPIP turns colourless:

    <p>Orange juice = 23 Lemon juice = 46 Grapefruit juice = 42 Carrot juice = 89</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which fruit juice required the most drops before DCPIP turned colourless?

    <p>Carrot juice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the experiment, keeping the amount of shaking constant is a control variable.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the dependent variable measured in this experiment?

    <p>The amount of Vitamin C by counting the number of drops.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The number of drops of fruit juice needed to turn DCPIP __________ indicates the level of Vitamin C present in the juice.

    <p>colorless</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a control variable in this experiment?

    <p>The volume of DCPIP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Iron is needed in the diet to make hemoglobin that carries carbon dioxide around the body.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which solution is used to test for the presence of starch?

    <p>Iodine solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a positive result for starch when tested with iodine solution?

    <p>blue black</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The presence of proteins can be detected when Biuret solution turns from blue to __________.

    <p>purple</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A positive result for fats is indicated when ethanol turns purple.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following tests with their positive results:

    <p>Starch = Blue black Protein = Purple Fats = Cloudy Reducing sugars = Brick red</p> Signup and view all the answers

    To test for reducing sugars, you must heat up Benedict’s solution.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about fibre is true?

    <p>Fibre helps to prevent stomach cancer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name an essential vitamin that helps prevent Scurvy.

    <p>Vitamin C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The 7 food groups are essential for maintaining __________ health.

    <p>body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What color change indicates the presence of sugar when tested with Benedict's reagent?

    <p>Blue to yellow, green, orange or brick red</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vitamin C helps heal wounds and maintain healthy connective tissue.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the condition caused by a deficiency of Vitamin C?

    <p>scurvy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If Vitamin C is present, DCPIP will turn __________.

    <p>colourless</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the food group with its corresponding food test:

    <p>Sugars = Benedict's Starch = Iodine Proteins = Biuret Lipids = Ethanol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following foods is a good source of Vitamin C?

    <p>Broccoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    DCPIP remains dark blue if Vitamin C is present.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of water in the body?

    <p>transporting nutrients and waste</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Good sources of Vitamin C include citrus fruits such as oranges, lemons, and __________.

    <p>limes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which reagent is used to test for the presence of lipids?

    <p>Ethanol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor does NOT affect an individual's energy requirements?

    <p>Dietary preferences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Active individuals require less energy than sedentary individuals.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is required to measure the energy in food using a boiling tube?

    <p>Start with cold water, record temperatures, and ignite the food sample.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Males usually have __________ energy needs than females.

    <p>higher</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following groups of people with their energy needs:

    <p>Teenagers = Higher energy needs for growth Elderly = Lower energy needs Pregnant women = Higher energy needs than non-pregnant Non-active individuals = Lower energy needs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which food group is essential for providing enough energy?

    <p>Carbohydrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Iron is more important for females aged 13 to 50 due to blood loss during menstruation.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the measurement unit commonly used for energy in food?

    <p>kilojoules (kJ)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Active people require more energy than non-active people because their muscles are __________ faster.

    <p>respiring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one reason why breastfeeding women have higher energy needs?

    <p>Energy required for milk production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which reagent is used to test for the presence of Vitamin C?

    <p>DCPIP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The initial color of the Biuret solution is purple.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What color change indicates a positive result in testing for lipids?

    <p>Cloudy white</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The iodine solution starts off as __________ color.

    <p>orange-brown</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following food tests with their corresponding reagent:

    <p>Starch Test = Iodine Solution Protein Test = Biuret Reagent Reducing Sugar Test = Benedict's Solution Lipid Test = Ethanol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What color indicates the presence of a high concentration of reducing sugars?

    <p>Brick Red</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A positive DCPIP test for Vitamin C results in the solution turning blue.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the positive result for reducing sugars after heating?

    <p>Brick Red precipitate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The reagent used to test for proteins is __________.

    <p>Biuret Reagent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What color indicates a trace amount of reducing sugars when using the Benedict's test?

    <p>Orange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does Vitamin C play in the body?

    <p>Formation of collagen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A lack of Vitamin C can cause the disease known as scurvy.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one type of food that is high in Vitamin C.

    <p>Citrus fruits or leafy green vegetables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The test for Vitamin C involves adding __________, which starts blue and turns colorless.

    <p>DCPIP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the symptoms of scurvy with their descriptions:

    <p>Bleeding gums = Gums bleed due to weakened collagen Swelling/inflammation = Swelling of body tissues due to fluid buildup Loss of teeth = Result of gum disease caused by collagen deficiency Joint pain = Discomfort in joints due to overall weakness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common symptom of Kwashiorkor?

    <p>Swollen abdomen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vitamin D can only be obtained from dietary sources.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the disease caused by a deficiency of Vitamin C?

    <p>Scurvy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A lack of iron in the diet can lead to __________.

    <p>anaemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the micronutrient with its source:

    <p>Vitamin C = Citrus fruits Iron = Meat Vitamin D = Fatty fish Calcium = Dairy products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What food source is most effective in preventing Kwashiorkor?

    <p>High protein foods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Marasmus is characterized by a lack of both protein and energy.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptoms are associated with iron deficiency?

    <p>Tiredness and fatigue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Kwashiorkor is primarily found in children under the age of __________.

    <p>2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following nutrients is NOT a vitamin?

    <p>Iron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of obesity?

    <p>Taking in more energy than is used</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Starvation can lead to weight loss and a poor immune system.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name a deficiency disease caused by a lack of vitamin D.

    <p>Rickets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A disease characterized by coronary arteries in the heart becoming blocked is called __________.

    <p>coronary heart disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of malnutrition with their causes:

    <p>Starvation = Taking in less energy than is used Obesity = Taking in more energy than is used Coronary heart disease = Diet high in saturated fat and cholesterol Constipation = Lack of dietary fiber</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one effect of malnutrition due to starvation?

    <p>Infertility in females</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A lack of calcium in the diet can lead to brittle and weak bones.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the heart muscle during a heart attack caused by coronary heart disease?

    <p>It cannot respire and contract.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The lack of energy due to malnutrition can lead to tiredness and __________.

    <p>fatigue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a known effect of obesity?

    <p>High blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary deficiency disease resulting from a lack of Vitamin C?

    <p>Scurvy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mineral is crucial for the proper formation of haemoglobin?

    <p>Iron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the function of fibre in the diet?

    <p>Aids in digestion and prevents constipation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is characterized by fragile bones and often linked to Vitamin D deficiency?

    <p>Osteoporosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process describes the wave-like muscle contractions that move food through the digestive tract?

    <p>Peristalsis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of dietary proteins in the human body?

    <p>Supporting growth and repair of tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substance is primarily responsible for carrying oxygen in the bloodstream?

    <p>Hemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the symptoms associated with a deficiency of calcium in the diet?

    <p>Muscle spasms and cramps</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which food group is essential for providing insulation and long-term energy storage?

    <p>Fats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What color change indicates a positive test for proteins using Biuret solution?

    <p>Blue to purple</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vitamin is synthesized by the body when exposed to sunlight?

    <p>Vitamin D</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which food group is known to be indigestible and helps prevent colon cancer?

    <p>Fiber</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What disease is caused by a deficiency of vitamin C?

    <p>Scurvy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main source of reducing sugars in the diet?

    <p>Fruits and honey</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What color indicates the presence of starch in a test with iodine solution?

    <p>Blue-black</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Seven Food Groups

    • The body requires seven different food groups to maintain health.
    • These groups are: carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, fibre and water.

    Carbohydrates

    • Provide a source of energy.
    • Glucose is essential for respiration.
    • Found in foods like potatoes, bread, rice and pasta.

    Proteins

    • Essential for the growth and repair of cells and tissues.
    • Involved in the production of hormones, enzymes and antibodies.
    • Found in foods like fish, meat, eggs, pulses and beans.

    Fats/Lipids

    • Provide a source of energy and insulation.
    • Serve as a long-term energy store.
    • Found in foods like oils and butter.

    Fibre

    • Cannot be digested by the body.
    • Comprised of plant cell walls (cellulose).
    • Aids in the smooth passage of food through the digestive system, preventing constipation

    Vitamins

    • Necessary for the efficient use of other nutrients by the body.
    • Required in small amounts.
    • Example: Vitamin C helps in the production of collagen in skin and nails.
    • Found in fruits and vegetables.
    • Example: Vitamin D promotes calcium absorption.
    • Found in oily fish.

    Minerals

    • Necessary for the efficient use of other nutrients by the body.
    • Required in small amounts.
    • Example: Iron aids in the transport of oxygen around the body (haemoglobin).
    • Found in red meat and spinach.
    • Example: Calcium strengthens teeth and bones.

    Water

    • Essential for hydration and metabolic reactions.

    The Seven Food Groups

    • The body requires seven different food groups: carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, fibre, and water.
    • Each food group plays a vital role in maintaining a healthy body.

    Carbohydrates

    • Provide a source of energy, for example glucose, which is crucial for respiration.

    Proteins

    • Important for growth and repair of cells and tissues.
    • Also play a vital role in the production of hormones, enzymes, and antibodies.

    Fats

    • Can be used as a source of energy and insulation.

    Fibre

    • Cannot be digested by the body.
    • Made up of plant cell walls (cellulose)
    • Promotes a smooth passage of food through the digestive system, preventing constipation.

    Minerals

    • Essential for the body to use other nutrients efficiently.
    • Only needed in small amounts.
    • Examples include iron and calcium.

    Vitamins

    • Essential for the body to use other nutrients efficiently.
    • Only needed in small amounts.
    • Examples include vitamin C and vitamin D.

    Water

    • Essential for hydration.

    Food Tests

    • Food tests can be used to determine the presence of different food groups in food samples.

    Starch Test

    • Uses iodine solution, which is orange-brown to start.
    • A positive test for starch results in a blue-black color change.

    Protein Test

    • Uses biuret solution, which is blue to start.
    • A positive test for protein results in a lilac/purple color change.

    Fat Test

    • Uses ethanol, which is colorless to start.
    • A positive test for fats results in a cloudy white emulsion.

    Food Tests

    • Food tests can be used to determine which molecules are present in food
    • Proteins are tested using Biuret solution
      • Biuret solution is blue and turns purple when proteins are present
    • Starch is tested using iodine solution
      • Iodine solution is brown/yellow and turns blue/black when starch is present
    • Reducing sugars are tested using Benedict's solution
      • Benedict's solution is blue and turns green, yellow, orange, or brick red based on the amount of reducing sugars present
      • Larger amounts of sugar turn the Benedict's solution brighter red
      • Benedict's solution must be heated in a water bath for the test to be successful
    • Fats are tested using ethanol solution
      • Ethanol solution is colorless and turns cloudy white in the presence of fat
      • Water is added to the ethanol solution separate from the food sample to cause the cloudiness
    • Ethanol and water are added to the food sample in separate test tubes
    • Ethanol is then poured into the water to observe the cloudiness

    Lipids

    • Cracker: Positive for fats
    • Crisp: Positive for fats
    • Bread: Positive for Fats
    • Potato: Positive for fats
    • Apple: Negative for fats
    • Cheese: Positive for fats
    • Milk: Positive for fats
    • Egg White: Negative for fats

    Reducing Sugars

    • Cracker: Positive for reducing sugars
    • Crisp: Positive for reducing sugars
    • Bread: Positive for reducing sugars
    • Potato: Positive for reducing sugars
    • Apple: Positive for reducing sugars
    • Cheese: Negative for reducing sugars
    • Milk: Positive for reducing sugars
    • Egg White: Negative for reducing sugars

    Carbohydrates

    • Carobhydrates are divided into two types:
      • Starch
      • Reducing Sugars (e.g., glucose)
    • The text specifies glucose as an example of a reducing sugar

    Health Problems Associated with Obesity

    • Obesity can lead to coronary heart disease due to fatty deposits in arteries, reducing blood flow to the heart, potentially causing heart failure
    • High blood pressure is another health risk associated with obesity, causing headaches, chest pain, or blood in the urine
    • Arthritis, or joint pain, is also associated with obesity, as extra weight on joints can damage them
    • Type II diabetes is a serious health concern often associated with obesity, where individuals cannot control their blood glucose levels

    Malnutrition vs. Starvation

    • Malnutrition is a state of poor nutrition, which can be caused by an insufficient or unbalanced diet
    • Starvation occurs when the body is deprived of essential nutrients, leading to severe malnutrition, which can be life-threatening

    Effects of Overeating

    • Overeating can lead to obesity, a condition characterized by excessive body fat accumulation

    Deficiency Diseases

    • Vitamin C deficiency can cause scurvy, leading to inflamed and bleeding gums, tooth loss, poor wound healing, and fatigue
    • Vitamin D deficiency can lead to rickets, a condition characterized by bone softening and weakening, often causing bendy bones, particularly in the legs
    • Iron deficiency can lead to anemia, a condition where there is insufficient hemoglobin in the red blood cells, resulting in symptoms such as weakness, tiredness, breathlessness, and dizziness
    • Calcium deficiency can lead to brittle bones, tingling fingers, muscle cramps, fatigue, poor appetite, and abnormal heartbeat

    Protein Deficiency

    • Protein deficiency can lead to Kwashiorkor, characterized by a swollen belly, swollen ankles, diarrhea, fatigue, tiredness, increased infections, and low body weight
    • Marasmus is a similar disease to Kwashiorkor, characterized by similar symptoms except no swollen belly, and caused by a general energy deficiency in the diet

    Balanced vs. Unbalanced Diet

    • A balanced diet includes the correct proportions of all food groups, providing enough energy for daily activities
    • An unbalanced diet can lead to malnutrition, which can manifest as either overweight or underweight, or a deficiency disease

    Seven Food Groups

    • Carbohydrates
    • Proteins
    • Fats
    • Vitamins
    • Minerals
    • Fibre
    • Water

    Balanced Diet

    • Balanced diet: consuming the correct proportions of different food groups to provide sufficient energy for daily activities.
    • Unbalanced diet: not having the correct proportion of food groups in your diet, leading to malnutrition.
    • Malnutrition: a condition caused by an unbalanced diet, resulting in being overweight, underweight, or suffering from a deficiency disease.

    Deficiency Diseases

    • Vitamin C: needed for collagen production, which is found in teeth and gums.
      • Deficiency causes scurvy: inflammation of gums, bleeding and swollen gums, loss of teeth, poor wound healing and fatigue.
      • Fresh fruit and vegetables should be prioritized to avoid vitamin C reduction due to storage and cooking.
    • Vitamin D: mainly obtained through sunlight exposure.
      • Deficiency causes rickets: softening or weakening of the bones.
      • Common symptoms include bendy bones, particularly in the legs.
    • Iron: essential for haemoglobin production, which carries oxygen in red blood cells.
      • Deficiency causes anaemia: symptoms include weakness, tiredness, breathlessness and dizziness.
      • Good sources include dark green vegetables, legumes, and red meats.
    • Calcium: mineral found in bones and teeth, regulates muscle contraction.
      • Deficiency causes brittle bones, tingling fingers, muscle cramps, lethargy, poor appetite, and abnormal heartbeat.
      • Good sources include dairy products like milk, yogurt and ice cream.
    • Protein: needed for growth and repair, found in meats and pulses.
      • Deficiency can cause Kwashiorkor: swollen belly, swelling of the ankles, diarrhoea, fatigue, tiredness, increased infections, low body weight.
      • Marasmus: similar symptoms to Kwashiorkor but without a swollen belly, caused by general energy deficiency.
    • Overeating: leads to obesity, contributing to:
      • Coronary heart disease: fatty deposits in arteries reduce blood flow to the heart, leading to heart problems.
      • High blood pressure: causes headaches, chest pain, and blood in urine.
      • Arthritis: extra weight on joints damages them, causing pain.
      • Type II diabetes: inability to control blood glucose levels.
    • Under-eating: leads to anorexia, causing:
      • Tiredness, fatigue, lack of menstrual cycle, poor immune system, slow growth.

    Food Groups

    • The seven food groups we need for a healthy diet:
      • Carbohydrates
      • Proteins
      • Fats
      • Vitamins
      • Minerals
      • Fibre
      • Water

    Food Testing

    • Proteins: Biurets solution changes from blue to lilac/purple in the presence of proteins.
    • Reducing Sugars: Benedicts solution changes from blue to brick red/orange in the presence of reducing sugars.
    • Starch: Iodine solution changes from orange/brown to blue/black in the presence of starch.
    • Lipids/Fats: Ethanol solution becomes a milky white emulsion in the presence of lipids/fats.

    Important points

    • We can get various important nutrients like Vitamin C and D from sunlight.
    • Malnutrition can be caused by both overeating and undereating.
    • While deficiency diseases are often associated with underdeveloped countries, overnutrition is more common in developed countries.

    Diarrhoea Treatment

    • Oral Rehydration Therapy (ORT) helps replace lost fluids and electrolytes
    • ORT solution typically contains sugar and salt

    ### Rickets

    • A condition affecting bone development due to poor nutrition
    • Vitamin D is essential for calcium absorption.
    • Food B (containing calcium and vitamin D) is the best for a child with rickets.

    Balanced Diet

    • Dry mass of a balanced diet is mostly composed of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.

    Vitamin C Deficiency

    • A diet lacking fresh fruits and vegetables can lead to Vitamin C deficiency.
    • Vitamin C deficiency can cause bleeding gums.

    Constipation Prevention

    • High-fibre diets help prevent constipation
    • Meal C is the most effective at preventing constipation due to its high fibre content.

    Brittle Bones

    • Consuming plenty of fresh fruits and vegetables can help prevent brittle bones.

    Oxygen Transport

    • Iron is essential for the formation of haemoglobin, which carries oxygen in the blood.
    • Eggs are the richest source of iron among the given foods.

    Food Testing

    • Biuret's test detects proteins
    • Benedict's test detects reducing sugars (e.g., glucose in solution X)
    • Iodine test detects starch (e.g., starch in solution X)

    Food Composition

    • Food A contains: reducing sugar, starch, and protein
    • Food B contains: starch, and protein
    • Food C contains: reducing sugar and starch
    • Food D contains: reducing sugar and starch

    Positive Biuret Reagent

    • Indicates the presence of protein

    Onion Composition

    • The correct results for the onion tests are:
      • Benedict's solution: Blue (No reducing sugar present)
      • Iodine solution: Blue-black (Starch present)

    Diarrhoea

    • Drinking a sugar and salt solution is a recommended treatment for persistent diarrhoea.

    Rickets

    • Rickets is a condition where bones fail to develop properly.
    • It can be caused by poor nutrition.
    • A child with rickets requires a diet high in Vitamin D and Calcium.
    • Food B is the best choice for a child with rickets as it contains both Vitamin D and Calcium.

    Balanced Diet

    • Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins make up the majority of the dry mass of a balanced diet.

    Vitamin C

    • A diet lacking in Vitamin C can lead to bleeding gums.
    • Vitamin C is an important component of a healthy diet.
    • A child who only eats meat, oily fish, cheese, bread and drinks water will have low levels of Vitamin C.

    Constipation

    • A diet rich in fibre is effective at preventing constipation.
    • Meal C contains the most fibre and will be the most effective in preventing constipation.

    Brittle Bones

    • Brittle bones can sometimes be prevented by eating plenty of fresh fruit and vegetables.
    • A diet rich in calcium can be beneficial for bone health.

    Oxygen Transport

    • Eggs are the richest source of essential vitamins and minerals for oxygen transport in the blood.
    • Iron is crucial for oxygen transport.

    Food Testing

    • Food A contains Protein but not reducing sugar or starch.
    • A purple colour with the biuret solution indicates the presence of protein.
    • A positive biuret test occurs when the reagent changes colour from blue to purple.
    • Food D contains both protein and starch.
    • Benedict's reagent tests for the presence of reducing sugars.
    • Iodine solution is used to test for starch.
    • The results of the Benedict's and iodine solution tests for onion indicate that the onion contains starch but not reducing sugar.

    Balanced Diet

    • A balanced diet provides all the nutrients the body needs in the correct proportions.

    Nutritional Needs

    • Age - Children and adolescents require more nutrients for growth and development.
    • Gender - Men generally require more calories than women.
    • Activity Level - Athletes require more energy and nutrients than sedentary people.

    Mineral Ions

    • Calcium is needed for making bone.
    • Iron is needed for making haemoglobin.
    • Vitamins are another type of nutrient required in small quantities.

    Haemoglobin

    • Haemoglobin's function is to transport oxygen around the body.
    • It is made up of amino acids and a haem group.
    • Iron is needed in the diet to make haemoglobin.

    Athlete Diets

    • Protein is needed for muscle growth and repair during training.
    • Carbohydrates are a source of energy and are stored as glycogen in the liver and muscles. Eating plenty of carbohydrates the days before a marathon race ensures adequate energy stores for the race.

    Food Groups

    • Our bodies need seven different food groups: carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, fibre and water.

    Deficiency of Vitamin C

    • Vitamin C is required for wound healing and supporting connective tissues.
    • Oranges are a good source of vitamin C.
    • Deficiency in Vitamin C causes scurvy.
    • Symptoms of scurvy include bleeding and swelling of the gums, loss of teeth, tiredness, muscle and joint pain.

    Vitamin C Test

    • We can test for the prescence of vitamin C using the DCPIP reagent.
    • DCPIP starts as a dark blue solution.
    • If vitamin C is present, the DCPIP will turn colourless.
    • If vitamin C is not present, the DCPIP will remain blue.
    • The fewer drops of a solution needed to turn the DCPIP colorless, the increased amount of vitamin C is present.

    Vitamin C Test Method

    • Add drops of fruit juice or other solutions to DCPIP one by one.
    • Shake the tube well after each addition.
    • Count the number of drops needed to turn the DCPIP colorless.
    • Repeat the experiment twice for each fruit juice or solution.

    Vitamin C Test, Variables

    • Independent variable: Type of fruit juice or solution.
    • Dependent variable: Amount of vitamin C measured by drops needed for DCPIP to become colourless.
    • Control variables: Volume of drops of solution, volume of DCPIP, concentration of DCPIP, amount of shaking.

    Vitamin C Test Results

    • The result is displayed in a table showing the number of drops of solution needed to turn the DCPIP colorless for each test.
    • Reliable results are obtained by carrying out the experiment twice and calculating the mean number of drops for each solution.

    Balanced Diet

    • A balanced diet consists of the correct proportions of food groups to fulfill an individual's energy requirements.

    Energy Requirements Differ

    • Teenage individuals require higher energy from their diet compared to elderly individuals due to growth and development.
    • Active individuals, whose muscles work harder, require more energy than non-active individuals.
    • Males usually have higher energy needs than females.
    • Pregnant women have higher energy requirements than non-pregnant women.
    • Breastfeeding women also have increased energy needs compared to women who are not breastfeeding.

    Factors Influencing Dietary Requirements

    • Age impacts energy needs.
    • Gender influences energy requirements and nutrient needs, particularly iron for females between 13-50 years old.
    • Body mass/weight plays a role in determining energy needs.
    • Lifestyle or activity level significantly contributes to energy requirements.
    • Occupation can affect energy needs due to varying activity demands.
    • Pregnancy and breastfeeding significantly increase dietary needs.

    How to Measure Food Energy

    • An experiment can be conducted to measure the amount of energy in food:
      • Fill a boiling tube with cold water.
      • Record the initial temperature of the water.
      • Note the mass of the food sample.
      • Burn the food until it catches fire.
      • Use the flame from the burning food to heat the water.
      • Record the final temperature of the water and calculate the temperature rise.
    • Energy is typically measured in kilojoules (kJ) per 100g of food.

    Food Tests

    • Iodine solution is used to test for starch.
    • Iodine solution starts off orange-brown and turns blue-black in the presence of starch.
    • Benedict's solution is used to test for reducing sugars, such as glucose.
    • Benedict's solution starts off blue and turns brick red in the presence of lots of reducing sugar.
    • Benedict's solution also turns orange in the presence of small amounts of reducing sugar.
    • Biuret reagent is used to test for proteins.
    • Biuret reagent starts off blue and turns purple in the presence of protein.
    • Ethanol is used to test for lipids.
    • Ethanol is colourless to start with and turns cloudy/milky in the presence of lipids.
    • DCPIP is used to test for Vitamin C.
    • DCPIP starts off blue and turns colourless in the presence of Vitamin C.

    Balanced Diet

    • A balanced diet contains the right proportions of different food groups to provide enough energy.
    • A lack of a balanced diet leads to malnutrition.

    Malnutrition

    • Malnutrition is caused by an imbalance in the diet.
    • There are different types of malnutrition depending on the cause of the imbalance.

    Types of Malnutrition

    • Starvation: Caused by consuming less energy than the body uses.
      • Effects include tiredness, fatigue, lack of menstrual cycle, poor immune system, slow growth, and weight loss.
    • Coronary Heart Disease: Caused by a diet high in saturated fat and cholesterol.
      • Effects include blocked coronary arteries, reduced oxygen flow to heart cells, heart attack, and death.
    • Obesity: Caused by consuming more energy than the body uses.
      • Effects include coronary heart disease, high blood pressure, arthritis, and type 2 diabetes.

    Deficiency Diseases

    • Deficiency diseases are caused by a lack of a specific component in the diet.

    Calcium Deficiency

    • Lack of calcium: Causes brittle, weak bones and muscle spasms or cramps.
    • Solution: Consume more calcium-rich foods like butter, cream, and yogurt.

    Vitamin D Deficiency

    • Lack of vitamin D: Causes rickets: weak and soft bones, stunted growth, and bone pain.
    • Solution: Get vitamin D from sunlight or fatty fish like mackerel and tuna.

    Vitamin C Deficiency

    • Lack of vitamin C: Causes scurvy: bleeding gums, loose or falling out teeth, and easy bruising.
    • Solution: Consume citrus fruits and green leafy vegetables like spinach and green beans.

    Iron Deficiency

    • Lack of iron: Causes anemia: tiredness, fatigue, shortness of breath, dizziness, and leg cramps.
    • Solution: Get iron from meat and spinach.

    Protein Energy Malnutrition (PEM)

    • PEM is a common type of malnutrition in many countries due to factors like droughts, disasters, wars, and poverty.
    • Two types of PEM: Kwashiorkor and Marasmus.

    Kwashiorkor

    • Caused by a lack of protein in the diet.
    • Most common in children under 2.
    • Symptoms include fatigue, dehydration, diarrhea, vomiting, loss of muscle mass, failure to grow, swollen ankles, feet, and belly.

    Marasmus

    • The most severe form of PEM, caused by a lack of both protein and energy.
    • Symptoms include lack of growth, persistent dizziness, diarrhea, vomiting, dehydration, weak hair and nails, and increased susceptibility to infections.

    Balanced Diet

    • A balanced diet provides all the nutrients the body needs in the correct amounts and proportions.
    • Provides energy, growth, and repair.

    Food Groups

    • There are 5 main food groups:
      • Carbohydrates
      • Proteins
      • Fats
      • Vitamins and minerals
      • Fibre

    Carbohydrates

    • Provide the main source of energy for the body.
    • Found in bread, pasta, rice, and potatoes.
    • Broken down into glucose, which is used by cells for respiration.
    • Simple carbohydrates provide quick energy but are low in nutrients.
    • Complex carbohydrates provide slow energy and are a good source of fiber.

    Proteins

    • Needed for growth and repair.
    • Found in meat, fish, eggs, beans, and nuts.
    • Broken down into amino acids, which are used to build and repair tissues.

    Fats

    • Provide energy, insulation, and protection for organs.
    • Found in butter, oil, and fatty meats.
    • Saturated fats are solid at room temperature and can increase the risk of heart disease.
    • Unsaturated fats are liquid at room temperature and are a good source of essential fatty acids.

    Vitamins

    • Essential organic compounds that are needed in small amounts by the body.
    • Help regulate metabolic processes.

    Vitamin C

    • Needed for the formation of collagen, a protein that helps to hold tissues together.
    • Found in citrus fruits, kiwi fruit, and peppers.
    • Deficiency can lead to scurvy, a disease characterized by bleeding gums, fatigue, and weakness.

    Vitamin D

    • Needed for the absorption of calcium from the gut.
    • Found in oily fish, eggs, and fortified milk.
    • Deficiency can lead to rickets, a disease characterized by soft bones and bone deformities.
    • Can be produced in the skin by exposure to sunlight.

    Minerals

    • Essential inorganic substances that are needed in small amounts by the body.

    Iron

    • Needed for the production of haemoglobin, a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen to the body.
    • Found in meat, fish, eggs, and leafy green vegetables.
    • Deficiency can lead to anaemia, a condition characterized by fatigue, shortness of breath, and pale skin.

    Calcium

    • Needed for strong bones and teeth.
    • Found in milk, cheese, yogurt, and green leafy vegetables.
    • Important for muscle contraction and nerve function.
    • Deficiency can lead to brittle bones.

    Haemoglobin

    • A protein found in red blood cells.
    • Contains iron.
    • Responsible for carrying oxygen around the body.

    Collagen

    • A protein that helps to hold tissues together.
    • Found in skin, bone, cartilage, and tendons.

    Fibre

    • A type of carbohydrate that cannot be broken down by the body.
    • Found in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains.
    • Helps to regulate bowel movements and prevent constipation.
    • May reduce the risk of colon cancer.
    • Adds bulk to stools, promoting regular bowel movements.

    Water

    • Essential for all bodily functions.
    • Makes up about 60% of the body's weight.
    • Needed for hydration, regulation of body temperature, and transportation of nutrients.

    Constipation

    • Difficult or infrequent bowel movements.
    • Can be caused by a lack of fibre, not drinking enough water, and lack of exercise.
    • Can be treated with a high-fibre diet, plenty of fluids, and exercise.

    Colon Cancer

    • A type of cancer that affects the large intestine.
    • May be caused by a high-fat diet, lack of fibre, and smoking.

    Peristalsis

    • The muscular contractions that move food through the digestive system.

    Benedict’s Solution

    • A chemical test to detect reducing sugars such as glucose.
    • Blue in colour, turns brick red in the presence of reducing sugars.

    Iodine Solution

    • A chemical test to detect starch.
    • Brown in colour, turns blue-black in the presence of starch.

    Biuret Solution

    • A chemical test to detect proteins.
    • Light blue in colour, turns purple in the presence of proteins.

    Ethanol

    • Alcohol produced during fermentation.

    DCPIP

    • A chemical used to detect the presence of Vitamin C.
    • Blue in colour, turns colourless in the presence of vitamin C.

    Scurvy

    • A disease caused by a deficiency in Vitamin C.
    • Symptoms include bleeding gums, fatigue, and weakness.

    Anaemia

    • A condition caused by a deficiency in iron.
    • Symptoms include fatigue, shortness of breath, and pale skin.

    Rickets

    • A disease caused by a deficiency of Vitamin D.
    • Symptoms include soft bones and bone deformities.

    Brittle bones

    • A condition caused by a lack of calcium.
    • Bones become weak and easily break.

    Kwashiorkor

    • A form of malnutrition caused by a deficiency of protein.
    • Symptoms include swollen belly, lethargy, and skin problems.

    Marasmus

    • A form of malnutrition caused by a deficiency of calories and protein.
    • Symptoms include extreme weight loss, muscle wasting, and dry skin.

    Malnutrition

    • A condition caused by an inadequate intake of nutrients.
    • Can lead to a variety of health problems.

    Deficiency Disease

    • A disease caused by a lack of an essential nutrient.
    • Examples include scurvy, rickets, and anaemia.

    Obesity

    • A condition characterized by excessive body fat.
    • Can be caused by a high-calorie diet and lack of exercise.
    • Increases the risk of health problems such as heart disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes, and some types of cancer.

    Arthritis

    • Inflammation of the joints.
    • Causes pain, stiffness, and swelling.
    • There are many different types of arthritis, the most common being osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.

    Type II Diabetes

    • A disease in which the body does not produce enough insulin or cannot use insulin properly.
    • Insulin is a hormone that helps to control blood sugar levels.
    • Symptoms include fatigue, increased thirst, frequent urination, and blurred vision.
    • Can be managed with diet, exercise, and medication.

    Food Groups

    • Growth and repair: Proteins
    • Energy and insulation: Fats
    • Collagen in gums and skin: Vitamin C
    • Metabolic Reactions: Vitamins and Minerals
    • Cannot be digested, prevents colon cancer and constipation: Fibre

    Minerals

    • Eggs, cheese, milk and yogurts: Calcium
    • Spinach and other leafy greens: Iron

    Vitamins

    • Fatty fish and made by the body using sunlight: Vitamin D

    Food Groups

    • Meats, fish, legumes and pulses: Proteins

    Food Tests

    • Reducing sugars: Benedict's solution (blue to brick red when heated)
    • Starch: Iodine solution (yellow to blue-black)
    • Proteins: Biuret solution (blue to purple/lilac)

    Deficiency Diseases

    • Iron: Anemia
    • Vitamin C: Scurvy
    • Vitamin D: Rickets
    • Protein-energy: Kwashiorkor

    Symptoms

    • Calcium: Weak bones and teeth, muscle spasms
    • Anemia: Fatigue, dizziness, pale skin
    • Kwashiorkor: Swollen belly, skin discoloration, hair loss

    Health Problems

    • Obesity: Heart disease, type 2 diabetes, stroke, some cancers, osteoarthritis
    • Under-eating/Anorexia: Fatigue, weakness, hair loss, bone loss, problems with menstrual cycles, infertility
    • Scurvy: Bleeding gums, slow wound healing, joint pain

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    Description

    This quiz covers the seven essential food groups that are crucial for maintaining health. Each group plays a specific role in the body's functioning, including energy provision and cellular repair. Test your understanding of carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, fibre, and water.

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