Nutrition Science: Understanding Scientific Method
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary goal of scientists when conducting research?

  • To answer questions about the natural world (correct)
  • To review published scientific studies
  • To develop a hypothesis
  • To design experiments

    • What type of experiment is conducted on cells or components derived from living organisms?

  • In vivo experiment
  • Controlled experiment
  • In vitro experiment (correct)
  • Laboratory experiment

    • What is the purpose of a control group in an experiment?

  • To examine the mice regularly for signs of health problems
  • To determine the effect of multiple variables
  • To compare results with the treatment group (correct)
  • To test the hypothesis

    • Why is it necessary to control variables in an experiment?

    <p>To determine the effect of a single variable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a literature review in the scientific method?

    <p>To provide information about the role of a variable in the development of disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between in vivo and in vitro experiments?

    <p>The use of living organisms or cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a variable in an experiment?

    <p>A factor that can influence an outcome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do medical researchers need to be cautious when applying the results of in vivo animal studies to humans?

    <p>Because of the physiological differences between humans and laboratory animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of making observations in the scientific method?

    <p>To generate questions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the sequence of steps in the scientific method?

    <p>Make observations, generate questions, review literature, test a hypothesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of understanding the scientific method in nutrition?

    <p>To discern reliable from unreliable nutrition information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main limitation of relying on anecdotes and testimonials in nutrition?

    <p>They are not supported by scientific evidence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of controls in experiments?

    <p>To eliminate variables affecting the outcome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between a direct and an inverse relationship between two variables?

    <p>A direct relationship is positive, while an inverse relationship is negative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do registered dietitian nutritionists (RDNs) discard conventional beliefs and practices?

    <p>Because they are no longer supported by current scientific research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main challenge for consumers of nutrition information?

    <p>To analyze information to determine its reliability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of learning about the scientific method in nutrition?

    <p>To become a more critical and careful consumer of nutrition information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do similar scientific studies often have different results?

    <p>Because they use different research methods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of research involves human subjects and is used to obtain information about health conditions that may result from specific dietary practices?

    <p>Experimental study</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of random assignment in an experimental study involving human subjects?

    <p>To ensure that the members of the treatment and control groups have similar variables, such as age, weight, and other characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a placebo in an experimental study?

    <p>To provide a fake treatment that mimics the real treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary diet associated with poverty in the southern United States?

    <p>Corn bread, hominy grits, molasses, potatoes, cabbage, and rice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do researchers need a large group of human subjects in an experimental study?

    <p>Because individual humans vary greatly within a population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Dr. Goldberger's initial hypothesis about pellagra?

    <p>It was caused by a lack of something in the diet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a randomized controlled trial (RCT)?

    <p>To compare the effect of the treatment with that of the placebo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between the treatment group and the control group in an experimental study?

    <p>The treatment group receives the real treatment, while the control group receives a placebo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Dr. Goldberger give to patients in a Georgia mental institution to test his dietary hypothesis?

    <p>Meat, milk, and fresh vegetables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the result of Dr. Goldberger's experiment on himself and volunteers in 1916?

    <p>None of the participants contracted pellagra</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main idea that Dr. Joseph Goldberger observed about pellagra?

    <p>Not everyone who was exposed to people suffering from pellagra developed the condition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Dr. Joseph Goldberger notice about the prisoners who ate a diet that was typically eaten by other people with pellagra?

    <p>They developed pellagra because of a lack of a nutrient in their diet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who isolated a form of the vitamin niacin from liver extracts?

    <p>Dr. Conrad Elvehjem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a double-blind study?

    <p>To prevent bias and ensure the accuracy of the results</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of a randomized controlled trial (RCT)?

    <p>A type of experimental study</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using codes to identify group assignments in a double-blind study?

    <p>It prevents the researchers and subjects from influencing the results</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do researchers provide placebos to members of the control group in an experimental study?

    <p>To compare the effect of the treatment with that of the placebo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential problem with single-blind studies?

    <p>The researchers may unintentionally convey clues to the subjects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence if a subject suspects they are in the control group?

    <p>They may report no change in their condition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of using placebos in human studies?

    <p>To compare the treatment to a control group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of nutritional epidemiologists?

    <p>Studying how long-term dietary choices influence people's health</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of a cohort study?

    <p>It can establish cause-and-effect relationships between exposure to a specific factor and the development of health conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a case-control study?

    <p>To identify factors that may have been responsible for the illness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a study that 'looks back' in time?

    <p>Retrospective cohort study</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of information do researchers typically collect in a retrospective dietary study?

    <p>Past food-related behaviors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of diet in the development of chronic diseases?

    <p>One of the multiple factors that influence a person's likelihood of developing a disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of NHANES?

    <p>To assess the health and nutritional status of a nationally representative sample of Americans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do researchers collect and analyze in a cohort study?

    <p>Various kinds of information about a group of people over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between retrospective and prospective cohort studies?

    <p>The direction of time in the study</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a type of information that might be collected in a case-control study?

    <p>Eating habits and lifestyle behaviors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why researchers should not allow subjects to figure out their group assignment during an experiment?

    <p>To prevent bias in the results</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the phenomenon where people report positive results due to their expectations of a treatment?

    <p>Placebo effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the number of people in a particular population who have a disease?

    <p>Prevalence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the study of the occurrence, distribution, and causes of health problems in populations?

    <p>Epidemiology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of epidemiological studies?

    <p>To understand the causes of health problems in populations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the phenomenon where people report negative results due to their expectations of a treatment?

    <p>Nocebo effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of placebos in certain medical conditions?

    <p>They can reduce pain perception</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of conducting surveys in epidemiological studies?

    <p>To obtain information on population health</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the study of the occurrence, distribution, and causes of a specific disease?

    <p>Epidemiology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of epidemiologists in conducting a study?

    <p>To identify the causes of a health problem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a limitation of epidemiological studies?

    <p>They cannot establish causation between a practice and an effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between a retrospective cohort study and a prospective cohort study?

    <p>The direction of the study, looking backward or forward in time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of correlation occurs when two variables change in the same direction?

    <p>Direct correlation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a correlation that may not be a cause-and-effect relationship?

    <p>The relationship between lemonade consumption and snow skiing accidents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of a prospective cohort study?

    <p>It involves a group of healthy people who are followed over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a cohort study?

    <p>To identify risk factors for diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Framingham Heart Study?

    <p>A prospective cohort study</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why may the findings of retrospective cohort studies be limited?

    <p>Because individuals' long-term memories may be faulty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of an inverse correlation?

    <p>The relationship between fruit intake and hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of epidemiological research?

    <p>To identify risk factors for diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the likely reason for the relationship between snow skiing and lemonade drinking?

    <p>Both activities are associated with seasonal weather conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of peer review in scientific journals?

    <p>To ensure the study is well conducted and the results are fairly represented.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential source of bias in scientific research?

    <p>All of the above.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might the beef industry not fund a study on the link between beef consumption and cancer risk?

    <p>The study's results might contradict the industry's interests.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a major shift in the leading causes of death in the United States in the mid-20th century?

    <p>From infectious diseases to chronic diseases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following was a hypothesis concerning dietary 'causes' of heart disease?

    <p>Consumption of added sugars causes heart disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of statistical methods in nutrition research?

    <p>To find relationships between variables and health outcomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important for scientists to avoid relying on their personal attitudes and biases?

    <p>To evaluate and report results objectively and honestly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of summarizing the findings of a study?

    <p>To share the research with other scientists and experts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a peer-reviewed medical and nutrition journal?

    <p>Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may have contributed to the development of the dietary pork taboo among followers of Islam and Judaism?

    <p>Health concerns and economic and environmental factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are pigs not easy to raise and herd for food?

    <p>They are difficult to control and need a lot of water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the likely reason why pigs compete with humans for food and water?

    <p>Because they eat a wide variety of foods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the context in which Islam and Judaism originated?

    <p>It was a nomadic population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the likely outcome of raising pigs in a nomadic setting?

    <p>Pigs would require a lot of resources and compete with humans for food and water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of trichinosis on human health?

    <p>It is a serious illness that can cause significant health problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can consumers be trained to look for to distinguish popular sources of nutrition information from peer-reviewed scientific journals?

    <p>Busy, brightly colored covers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is often the result of conflicting findings in nutrition studies?

    <p>Confusion and mistrust of the scientific community</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do different groups of scientists often conduct their studies and analyze the results differently?

    <p>Because of differences in the design and implementation of the study</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of the science of nutrition?

    <p>It is constantly evolving</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a taboo?

    <p>A practice that is forbidden by a religion or culture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do food taboos tend to be cultural traditions?

    <p>Because they are passed down from generation to generation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is often the basis of food taboos?

    <p>Cultural traditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do Muslims and Jews who follow their religions' dietary laws not eat pork?

    <p>Because it is forbidden by their religion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a result of one study being rarely enough to gain widespread acceptance for new or unusual findings?

    <p>The results are supported by other studies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the importance of recognizing that conflicting findings often result from differences in the ways various studies are designed?

    <p>It helps to reduce confusion and mistrust among consumers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main goal of the Sugar Research Foundation (SRF) in the 1960s?

    <p>To divert attention away from sugar's role in heart disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the 1967 paper published in The New England Journal of Medicine blame for heart disease?

    <p>Dietary cholesterol and saturated fat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common issue with scientists whose research is funded by the food and wellness industries?

    <p>They are more likely to emphasize positive findings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of disclosing sources of funding in scientific journals?

    <p>To allow readers to assess the reliability of the findings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of peer-reviewed scientific journals?

    <p>They require authors to disclose their sources of funding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are popular sources of nutrition information, such as magazines and the Internet, often unreliable?

    <p>They do not subject articles to peer review or scientific scrutiny</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of peer review in scientific journals?

    <p>To ensure that scientists are as ethical and objective as possible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do scientists typically first learn about the results of a nutrition-related study?

    <p>Through a meeting of a nutrition or medical society</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common feature of popular magazines that cover nutrition topics?

    <p>Colorful and attractive covers and photographs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why may media reports of nutrition research be oversimplified or misleading?

    <p>Because the media often reports only the most sensational or simplistic findings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should you be cautious about believing the testimonial from the actress in the FatMegaMelter advertisement?

    <p>She may be biased towards the product because she was paid to endorse it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary problem with relying on anecdotes, such as your friend's experience with FatMegaMelter, to inform nutrition decisions?

    <p>Anecdotes are not based on scientific evidence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should you be skeptical of the claim that FatMegaMelter can help you lose up to 30 pounds in 30 days?

    <p>The claim is based on anecdotal evidence and testimonials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main challenge for consumers of nutrition information?

    <p>Distinguishing between scientifically-supported information and misinformation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a red flag that may indicate nutrition misinformation?

    <p>A claim that a product can help you lose weight without exercise or dieting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to be a critical and careful consumer of nutrition information?

    <p>To make informed decisions about your health and well-being</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key difference between scientific evidence and anecdotal evidence?

    <p>Scientific evidence is based on scientific studies, while anecdotal evidence is based on individual experiences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why may it be difficult to evaluate the credibility of sources of nutrition information?

    <p>Because many sources of nutrition information are biased or misleading</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it difficult for consumers to verify the accuracy of nutrition information presented in popular media?

    <p>The First Amendment allows people to provide false nutrition information without consequences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common marketing tactic used by promoters of worthless nutrition products?

    <p>Including citations to scientific journal articles in their ads</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of promoters who use pseudoscientific information?

    <p>To confuse people and make their claims seem credible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do physicians have nothing to gain from concealing a cure from the public?

    <p>They are dedicated to improving their patients' health and saving lives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a challenge that consumers face when evaluating nutrition information?

    <p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the FDA in regulating nutrition-related claims?

    <p>To regulate only nutrition-related claims on product labels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do promoters of nutrition misinformation often use testimonials and anecdotes?

    <p>To convince people without science backgrounds that their claims are true</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main problem with relying on anecdotes and testimonials in nutrition?

    <p>They are not scientifically tested and may not be representative of the general population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason why consumers should be cautious of nutrition information presented in popular media?

    <p>The information may not be scientifically tested</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main limitation of relying on popular media sources for nutrition information?

    <p>The information may not be scientifically tested and may be misleading or false</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What motivates promoters of nutrition-related products and information?

    <p>To sell their products and earn a commission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key consideration when evaluating sources of nutrition information?

    <p>Whether the source has been peer-reviewed by scientists</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should you do when evaluating sources of nutrition information?

    <p>Ask questions about the motivations and credentials of the source</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should you be wary of when evaluating sources of nutrition information?

    <p>Sources with scientific-appearing citations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should you be cautious of sources that claim to be 'scientific'?

    <p>Because they may be promoting misinformation or pseudoscience</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key consideration when evaluating the credibility of a nutrition expert?

    <p>Whether they have a doctorate degree from an accredited university</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should you be cautious of salespeople who promote nutrition-related products?

    <p>Because they may have a financial interest in selling the product</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key consideration when evaluating the results of a study?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should you be cautious of sources that claim to have 'scientific proof'?

    <p>Because they may be misusing or misinterpreting scientific data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main challenge for consumers of nutrition information?

    <p>Finding reliable and credible sources of information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should you primarily rely on when searching for science-based published articles?

    <p>Government sites and nationally recognized nutrition- or health-related associations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should you look for at the bottom of the main page of a website to ensure the reliability of health information?

    <p>HONcode symbol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should you do when evaluating health information on the internet?

    <p>Use multiple sites, especially government sites, as well as the sites of nationally recognized nutrition- or health-related associations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can you find on the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) website?

    <p>Information to help evaluate nutrition and health-related claims</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the activity of providing nutrition information and advice without proper training and licensing?

    <p>Quackery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can you evaluate the credentials of a nutrition expert?

    <p>By searching their name on an Internet search engine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should you search online for reliable reviews and ratings of food, nutrition, and fitness-related apps?

    <p>Because many apps have not been tested for effectiveness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should you be cautious of when searching for recipes online?

    <p>Food manufacturers using the sites to promote their products in recipes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe colloidal silver preparation that is not recognized as safe and effective for preventing or treating COVID-19?

    <p>Unapproved new drug</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can you find on the Health on the Net Foundation website?

    <p>The HONcode, a set of principles for standardizing the reliability of health information on the Internet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common red flag that indicates a source of nutrition information is unreliable?

    <p>Claims that sound too good to be true</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should you do when evaluating the credibility of a website?

    <p>Perform an online search of the scientific journals and authors' names and credentials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What action did the court take against the owners of a business that marketed and distributed a silver-containing product as a cure or treatment for COVID-19?

    <p>Issued a temporary restraining order</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should you beware of when searching for nutrition information online?

    <p>Sites with surveys for you to complete, advertisements for diet-related products, and promotions in pop-up windows</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should you be cautious of a source of nutrition information that uses scare tactics?

    <p>Because they may be trying to sell you a product</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should you do if you encounter a claim that sounds too good to be true?

    <p>Research it further to verify its accuracy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the website www.quackwatch.org?

    <p>To evaluate the credentials of nutrition experts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to evaluate the credentials of a nutrition expert?

    <p>Because they may not have the necessary training and licensing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe a person who promotes useless medical treatments without proper training and licensing?

    <p>Quack</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a red flag when evaluating the credibility of nutrition information online?

    <p>The website includes vague, scientific-sounding terms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common pitfall of using online sources for nutrition information?

    <p>The sources may be biased or promotional in nature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of reliable nutrition information?

    <p>It is supported by scientific evidence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should you do when evaluating the credibility of a website providing nutrition information?

    <p>Look for a list of references and the author's credentials.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common tactic used by manufacturers to promote dietary supplements?

    <p>Using testimonials and anecdotes to promote the supplement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should you be cautious of websites that enable you to purchase dietary supplements online?

    <p>Because the website may be biased or promotional in nature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of a reliable source of nutrition information?

    <p>It is authored by a nationally recognized health association.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should you check for when evaluating the credibility of a website providing nutrition information?

    <p>The author's credentials and a list of references.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a red flag when evaluating the credibility of a dietary supplement?

    <p>The supplement's benefits are highlighted, but its risks are overlooked.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should you be wary of websites with disclaimers such as 'Results may vary'?

    <p>Because the website may be making exaggerated claims.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why someone who calls themselves a nutritionist may not be a reliable source of nutrition information?

    <p>There is no standard legal definition for the term 'nutritionist'.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where can you find reliable nutrition experts?

    <p>At a university or college with a nutrition or dietetics department.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between a registered dietitian (RD) and a registered dietitian nutritionist (RDN)?

    <p>There is no difference, the titles are interchangeable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary way to locate a registered dietitian nutritionist (RDN)?

    <p>By contacting a local dietetic association or dietary department of a hospital.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three major professional divisions for RDNs?

    <p>Clinical dietetics, community nutrition, and food systems management.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can a clinical dietitian do?

    <p>Work as a member of a medical team in a hospital or clinic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should you not rely on a physician for nutrition advice?

    <p>Because they do not have extensive college coursework in nutrition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the title 'registered dietitian nutritionist (RDN)' imply?

    <p>The person is a college-trained healthcare professional with extensive knowledge of foods, nutrition, and dietetics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do food systems management dietitians typically work?

    <p>Hospitals, schools, and long-term care facilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical duration of supervised practice required for a student dietitian nutritionist?

    <p>1200 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary organization that accredits dietetics programs in the United States?

    <p>Accreditation Council for Education in Nutrition and Dietetics (ACEND)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of professionals can work in corporate wellness programs as developers and managers?

    <p>Registered dietitian nutritionists (RDNs)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a training program that prepares student dietitian nutritionists for an entry-level position?

    <p>Supervised practice program (SPP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between a registered dietitian nutritionist (RDN) and a nutritionist?

    <p>RDNs are certified, while nutritionists are not</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a national registration examination for registered dietitian nutritionists?

    <p>To certify a student as a registered dietitian nutritionist</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of professionals can work in universities as educators, research scientists, and wellness specialists?

    <p>Registered dietitian nutritionists (RDNs)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of continuing education requirements for registered dietitian nutritionists?

    <p>To maintain certification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of professionals can work in sports nutrition as nutrition 'coaches'?

    <p>Registered dietitian nutritionists (RDNs)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994, what is a characteristic of a dietary supplement?

    <p>It is a product that adds to a person's dietary intake and contains one or more dietary ingredients.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the American population takes one or more dietary supplements regularly?

    <p>50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of product is among the most commonly used dietary supplements in the United States?

    <p>Multivitamin/mineral products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe dietary supplements that are not legally defined?

    <p>Nutraceuticals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of dietary supplements?

    <p>They are typically taken by mouth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between dietary supplements and conventional medicines?

    <p>Dietary supplements are not regulated by the FDA, while medicines are.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do people take dietary supplements?

    <p>To strengthen their immune system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994?

    <p>To define what a dietary supplement is</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary health benefit of garlic?

    <p>Lowers blood cholesterol levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of ginger?

    <p>Treats morning sickness and nausea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary health benefit of glucosamine sulfate?

    <p>Relieves joint damage associated with osteoarthritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary health benefit of green tea?

    <p>May be useful in treating genital warts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary health benefit of L-arginine?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary health benefit of melatonin?

    <p>Treats some sleep disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should pregnant women avoid taking certain supplements?

    <p>Because they may cause harm to the fetus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common side effect of taking green tea extracts?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary risk of taking kava?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary health benefit of St. John's Wort?

    <p>Reduces depression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key feature of conventional medical care?

    <p>Has been scientifically tested and evaluated for safety and effectiveness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of alternative health care?

    <p>Dietary supplement containing melatonin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do many forms of alternative health care not have widespread acceptance?

    <p>Lack of scientific evidence supporting their use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key difference between complementary health care and alternative health care?

    <p>Complementary health care combines conventional medical care with alternative practices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the FDA in relation to dietary supplements?

    <p>To ensure the safety and effectiveness of dietary supplements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is integrative medical care?

    <p>A type of health care that coordinates the use of both conventional medical therapies and alternative health care approaches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meditation, in the context of alternative health care?

    <p>A mind-body practice that can help reduce elevated blood pressure levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between alternative health care and conventional medical care?

    <p>Alternative health care is not scientifically proven, whereas conventional medical care is</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key feature of dietary supplements?

    <p>They are not strictly regulated by the FDA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of integrative medical care?

    <p>To coordinate the use of both conventional medical therapies and alternative health care approaches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason why dietary supplement manufacturers are not required to provide scientific evidence to the FDA?

    <p>Dietary supplements are classified as a nontraditional category of foods.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the FDA's regulation of dietary supplement labeling?

    <p>To prohibit dietary supplement manufacturers from making false health claims.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the USP seal of approval on a dietary supplement label?

    <p>A indication that the product has been tested for quality by a non-governmental agency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when the FDA determines that a dietary supplement presents a significant risk of harm?

    <p>The FDA alerts consumers about the risk and seeks to recall the product.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should consumers do when using dietary supplements?

    <p>Use dietary supplements only after consulting with a healthcare professional.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are herbal supplements potentially toxic?

    <p>Because they are made from plants that may have toxic parts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the FDA's regulation of dietary supplements?

    <p>To regulate the sale of dietary supplements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between dietary supplements and medications?

    <p>Dietary supplements are not intended to prevent, diagnose, treat, or cure diseases, while medications are.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of manufacturers in reporting serious adverse health effects associated with their dietary supplements?

    <p>They are required to report serious adverse health effects to the FDA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the FDA's guidance on dietary supplements?

    <p>To help manufacturers comply with FDA regulations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of reporting a problem to the FDA's MedWatch program?

    <p>To report adverse events or problems with dietary supplements or medications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do people who are in good health waste their money by purchasing dietary supplements?

    <p>Because they are not beneficial for healthy people</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated amount Americans spent on dietary supplements in 2019?

    <p>$39 billion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is a prescription medication used to treat the common cold not a dietary supplement?

    <p>Because it is intended to treat a disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a non-micronutrient dietary supplement?

    <p>Protein powder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of listing alternative health care practices?

    <p>To provide examples of alternative health care practices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential consequence of taking echinacea supplements for people who are allergic to ragweed pollen?

    <p>Developing an allergic response that mimics symptoms of the common cold</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important for people with asthma or allergies to be cautious when using botanical supplements?

    <p>Because they can cause allergic reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential interaction between ginkgo biloba and aspirin?

    <p>Increased risk of bleeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should consumers provide their physicians with a list of the supplements they are taking?

    <p>Because supplements can interact with medications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of consulting a physician before taking dietary supplements?

    <p>To determine if the supplement is necessary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential consequence of using dietary supplements as substitutes for nutritious foods?

    <p>Losing beneficial properties of the substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Office of Dietary Supplements' website?

    <p>To provide information about the risks and benefits of dietary supplements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to be wary of claims made about a supplement's benefits?

    <p>Because they may be exaggerated or false</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should you do if you experience negative side effects after using a particular dietary supplement?

    <p>Consult a physician immediately</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of government websites such as the National Institutes of Health and the Food and Drug Administration?

    <p>To provide information about dietary supplements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why some people use dietary supplements?

    <p>Because they are recommended by their physicians or registered dietitian nutritionists.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the supplement that is often combined with glucosamine?

    <p>Chondroitin sulfate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential risk of taking alfalfa seeds?

    <p>They may increase the likelihood of blood clots.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major claim of bitter orange supplements?

    <p>It relieves heartburn, upset stomach, and constipation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential benefit of flaxseed?

    <p>It may benefit people with heart disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major claim of echinacea supplements?

    <p>It boosts the immune system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential risk of taking coenzyme Q-10?

    <p>It may interfere with certain blood thinners.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major claim of feverfew supplements?

    <p>It prevents migraine headaches.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential benefit of glucosamine sulfate?

    <p>It may relieve arthritis symptoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major claim of melatonin supplements?

    <p>It treats insomnia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Nutrition: Science for Consumers

    • The scientific method is used to collect evidence about nutrition and health to inform consumers.

    The Scientific Method

    • The scientific method involves making observations, generating questions, developing a hypothesis, reviewing literature, designing an experiment, collecting and analyzing data, and drawing conclusions.
    • Nutrition scientists use the scientific method to discard conventional beliefs and practices that are not supported by evidence.

    Laboratory Experiments

    • Laboratory experiments involve testing a hypothesis using a systematic approach.
    • Animal experiments (in vivo) and cell-based experiments (in vitro) are used to test hypotheses.
    • Animal experiments are used to establish safety and efficacy before conducting human studies.

    Using the Scientific Method: Animal Experimentation

    • An example of an experiment involves testing the effect of "chemical X" on mice.
    • The experiment involves dividing mice into treatment and control groups, and controlling variables such as feeding and handling.
    • The results of the experiment are used to determine whether the treatment had an effect.

    Human Research: Experimental (Intervention) Studies

    • Experimental studies involve randomly assigning human subjects to treatment and control groups.
    • Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are used to test hypotheses.
    • Placebos are used to control for variables and ensure that the treatment is the cause of any observed effects.

    Characteristics of Human Research

    • Human research involves variability among subjects, which can affect the results of the study.
    • Large sample sizes are needed to account for this variability.
    • Random assignment helps to ensure that the treatment and control groups are similar.

    Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs)

    • RCTs are used to test hypotheses in human research.
    • Subjects are randomly assigned to treatment and control groups.
    • Placebos are used to control for variables.

    Placebo and Nocebo Effects

    • The placebo effect is a positive response to a treatment due to expectation.
    • The nocebo effect is a negative response to a treatment due to expectation.
    • Placebos can produce beneficial physiological and psychological changes.

    Human Research: Epidemiological Studies

    • Epidemiological studies involve the study of the occurrence, distribution, and causes of health problems in populations.
    • These studies are used to identify factors that affect the health of a population.
    • Data are collected from physical examinations, laboratory tests, and surveys.

    Types of Epidemiological Studies

    • Case-control studies compare individuals with a health condition (cases) to individuals without the condition (controls).
    • Cohort studies involve following a group of people over time to identify factors that contribute to the development of a health condition.

    Importance of Epidemiological Studies

    • Epidemiological studies help to identify factors that contribute to the development of health problems.
    • They inform public health policy and prevention strategies.
    • They provide a basis for further research into the causes of health problems.### Epidemiology and Study Designs
    • Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related events or characteristics among populations.
    • Epidemiological studies involve observing and analyzing large groups of people to identify patterns and correlations between variables and health outcomes.

    Case-Control Study

    • A case-control study involves matching people with a health condition (cases) with people who are healthy (controls) but have similar characteristics.
    • The goal is to identify differences in exposures or behaviors between the two groups that may be associated with the development of the health condition.

    Cohort Study

    • A cohort study involves collecting and analyzing data on a large group of people over time.
    • The study can be retrospective or prospective.
    • Retrospective cohort study: collects data on past exposures and current health outcomes.
    • Prospective cohort study: collects data on exposures at the beginning of the study and follows participants over time to record health outcomes.

    Limitations of Epidemiological Studies

    • Epidemiological studies cannot establish causation, only correlation.
    • Correlation occurs when two variables change over the same period.
    • Types of correlation: direct (positive), inverse (negative), and coincidental.
    • Coincidental correlations occur when two variables are associated with a third variable, rather than with each other.

    Analyzing Data and Drawing Conclusions

    • Nutrition researchers use statistical methods to analyze data and identify relationships between variables and health outcomes.
    • Researchers must avoid research bias and report results objectively and honestly.
    • Peer review is a critical analysis of research conducted by experts in the field to ensure the study was well-conducted and the results are fairly represented.

    Research Bias

    • Research bias occurs when funding sources or personal attitudes influence the results of a study.
    • Examples of research bias: the beef industry funding studies that support the benefits of beef consumption, or the sugar industry influencing research to downplay the role of sugar in heart disease.

    Peer-Reviewed Articles

    • Peer-reviewed articles are published in scientific journals and have undergone critical analysis by experts in the field.
    • Examples of peer-reviewed medical and nutrition journals: Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, The New England Journal of Medicine, Journal of the American Medical Association.
    • Peer-reviewed articles are more reliable than popular sources of nutrition information, such as magazines and internet sources.

    Confusion and Conflict

    • Conflicting results can occur due to differences in study design, population, and analysis.
    • Genetic differences, lifestyle, and individual responses to treatments can also contribute to conflicting results.
    • The science of nutrition is constantly evolving, and new findings can lead to changes in practices and recommendations.

    Nutrition Information: Fact or Fiction

    Why There is So Much Nutrition Misinformation

    • Misinformation can come from popular magazine articles, best-selling books, or TV programs
    • The First Amendment protects freedom of speech and press, but not freedom from misinformation
    • Promoters of nutrition-related products may use sophisticated marketing methods to lure consumers

    Becoming a Critical Consumer of Nutrition Information

    • Be wary of testimonials and anecdotes as proof of a product's effectiveness
    • Check the source of the information: is it scientific, peer-reviewed, and based on human studies?
    • Evaluate the motivations of the authors, promoters, or sponsors: are they more interested in your health or selling a product?
    • Check for red flags, such as promises of quick fixes, scare tactics, and personal attacks on scientists

    Red Flags to Look Out For

    • Promises of quick and easy remedies for complex health problems
    • Claims that sound too good to be true
    • Scare tactics, such as sensational or misleading statements about a food or health condition
    • Personal attacks on the motives and ethical standards of registered dietitian nutritionists or conventional scientists
    • Statements about the superiority of certain dietary supplements or unconventional medical practices
    • Testimonials and anecdotes as evidence of effectiveness
    • Information that promotes a product's benefits while overlooking its risks
    • Vague, meaningless, or scientific-sounding terms to impress or confuse consumers
    • Sensational statements with incomplete references of sources
    • Recommendations based on a single study
    • Results disclaimers, usually in small or difficult-to-read print

    Evaluating Online Sources of Nutrition Information

    • Be cautious of websites that promote or sell products for profit (*.com)

    • Look for websites sponsored by nationally recognized health associations (.org) and government agencies (.gov)

    • Use multiple sites, especially government sites, as well as the sites of nationally recognized nutrition- or health-related associations

    • Use PubMed as a resource when searching for science-based published articles

    • Rely primarily on sites that are managed or reviewed by qualified health professionals

    • Look for the HONcode symbol at the bottom of the main page of the website

    • Do not trust information at a site that does not indicate valid sources, such as well-respected peer-reviewed scientific journals or nationally recognized medical centers### Federal Trade Commission (FTC)

    • Enforces consumer protection laws and investigates complaints about false or misleading health claims on the Internet

    • Provides information to help evaluate nutrition and health-related claims on its website (www.consumer.ftc.gov/articles/0167-miracle-health-claims)

    • Allows consumers to submit complaints through an online form or call the toll-free line (1-877-382-4357)

    Mobile Apps for Health and Nutrition

    • In 2018, 89% of undergraduate U.S. college students had access to smartphones
    • Thousands of apps available to monitor and improve diets, energy intakes, physical activity levels, and other health-related behaviors
    • Many apps have not been tested for effectiveness, so it's essential to search online for reliable reviews and ratings before using them

    Food and Nutrition Tips

    • The Internet provides access to numerous recipes and cooking tips from various countries and ethnic groups
    • When searching for recipes, recognize that food manufacturers may promote their products in recipes
    • Be cautious when using recipes online, as they may not provide accurate nutrition information or have been tested for quality
    • It's a good idea to check multiple sites for a recipe and compare the information

    Concept Checkpoint

    • A testimonial is a statement or endorsement from a person, whereas an anecdote is a personal experience or story
    • Red flags indicating a questionable source of nutrition information include:
      • Unrealistic or exaggerated claims
      • Lack of scientific evidence or research
      • Unqualified or biased sources
    • Tips for using the Internet as a reliable source of nutrition information include:
      • Verify information through reputable sources
      • Check for scientific evidence and research
      • Evaluate the credibility of the source

    Identifying Reliable Nutrition Experts

    • Not all individuals who call themselves "nutritionists" or "nutritionalists" can provide reliable nutrition information due to lack of standard legal definitions.
    • Physicians are not necessarily the best sources of nutrition information because they may not have extensive college coursework in the subject.

    Registered Dietitian Nutritionists (RDNs)

    • RDNs are college-trained healthcare professionals with extensive knowledge of foods, nutrition, and dietetics.
    • The titles "registered dietitian (RD)" and "registered dietitian nutritionist (RDN)" are legally protected, requiring certification by the appropriate accrediting agency.
    • RDNs can be found through online directories, local dietetic associations, hospital dietary departments, or the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics website (www.eatright.org) or the Dietitians of Canada website (www.dietitians.ca).

    Becoming a Registered Dietitian Nutritionist

    • RDNs must complete a baccalaureate degree program approved by the Accreditation Council for Education in Nutrition and Dietetics (ACEND) of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics.
    • The program includes a wide variety of college-level courses, such as food and nutrition sciences, organic chemistry, biochemistry, anatomy, physiology, microbiology, statistics, management, and communications.
    • RDNs must also obtain at least 1200 hours of supervised practice (training) in a health care facility, such as a university hospital.
    • After completing the training, RDNs must pass the national registration examination to become certified.

    Career Paths for RDNs

    • RDNs can work in hospitals, day-care centers, school districts, prisons, long-term care facilities, and universities as managers of food service operations.
    • They can also work in corporations, pharmaceutical industrial settings, sports nutrition, food and agriculture industry, universities, governmental agencies, media, and private practice.
    • RDNs can pursue various roles, such as nutrition "coaches", consumer affairs specialists, recipe developers, culinary medicine experts, and advocates for farmers and sustainable farming practices.

    Nutrition Matters: What Are Dietary Supplements?

    • A dietary supplement is a product that adds to a person's dietary intake, contains one or more dietary ingredients (e.g., nutrients, botanicals), and is taken by mouth.
    • Examples of dietary supplements include nutrient pills, protein powders, and herbal extracts.

    Conventional Medicine vs. Alternative Health Care

    • Conventional medicine involves scientifically tested and evaluated health care practices, such as surgical procedures, FDA-approved medications, and dietary patterns.
    • Alternative health care promotes practices that may or may not have been scientifically tested for safety and effectiveness, such as dietary supplements, yoga, and meditation.

    Regulation of Dietary Supplements

    • The FDA regulates dietary supplements as a nontraditional category of foods, with different rules than for medications.
    • Manufacturers do not need FDA approval before manufacturing or marketing dietary supplements, but must notify the FDA and provide information about safety.
    • The FDA does not test dietary supplements for quality, but manufacturers can have their products tested by third-party agencies.

    Risks and Benefits of Dietary Supplements

    • Many dietary supplements, especially micronutrient products, are generally safe when used properly.
    • Herbal supplements can be toxic, cause allergic reactions, or interact with medications.
    • Consumers should be aware of potential interactions between dietary supplements and medications, and inform their physicians about supplement use.

    Using Dietary Supplements Wisely

    • Determine whether a supplement is necessary, and consult a physician or registered dietitian nutritionist before using it.

    • Treat dietary supplements as drugs, and store them away from children.

    • Consult a physician if symptoms of a serious illness develop, and do not use supplements to treat serious diseases instead of seeking conventional medical care.### Dietary Supplements: Risks and Precautions

    • Delaying or forgoing medical treatment in favor of supplements can worsen conditions or be life-threatening.

    • Be cautious of supplement claims and investigate their benefits before use.

    • Reliable government websites for supplement information:

    Hazards of Dietary Supplements

    • Determine hazards associated with taking supplements, and research risks and benefits at the Office of Dietary Supplements' website (https://ods.od.nih.gov/).
    • Avoid using supplements as substitutes for nutritious foods, as they may lose beneficial properties when isolated from plants.
    • Plant foods provide a wide array of phytochemicals with potential health benefits when consumed in their natural forms.

    Safety Precautions

    Industry and Health Impacts

    • The dietary supplement industry is a profitable industry in the United States, with Americans spending over $39 billion on supplements in 2019.
    • Healthy people do not benefit from taking dietary supplements, and they may be harmful to health; instead, spend money on natural sources of nutrients and phytochemicals, such as fruits, vegetables, and whole-grain cereals.

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    Test your knowledge of the scientific method and its application in nutrition studies. Learn about the importance of controls, study design, and evidence-based research in nutrition science.

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