Nutrition Programs for Children and Adolescents

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Questions and Answers

What is the purpose of the Food Distribution Program?

To provide funds to schools for nutrition education

To provide commodities to schools that serve meals to students (correct)

To promote physical activity in schools

To reduce the sale of competitive foods in schools

What is the goal of the 'Empowering Teens to Make Better Nutrition Decisions' initiative?

To promote physical activity among high school students

To improve the health of high school students through nutrition education (correct)

To reduce the availability of healthful food options on campus

To increase the sale of competitive foods in schools

What is one of the significant results observed in the 'Empowering Teens to Make Better Nutrition Decisions' initiative?

Decrease in physical activity knowledge and attitude

Increase in the sale of competitive foods in schools

Decrease in healthy eating options on campus

Increase in nutrition knowledge, attitude, and behavior (correct)

Which of the following is NOT one of the three nutrition education programming agencies of the USDA?

Food and Nutrition Service (FNS) Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommendation for children and adolescents regarding drinks?

Try to avoid drinks that are high in sugar Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of the National School Lunch Program?

To help states make lunches available to children and encourage consumption of national agricultural commodities Signup and view all the answers

What is the target audience of the 'Empowering Teens to Make Better Nutrition Decisions' initiative?

Low-income students in high schools where at least 40% of the students were eligible for free/reduced-price meals Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum amount of fluid milk required in a lunch under the National School Lunch Program?

8 ounces Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the 'Building Healthful School Environments' initiative?

To limit the sale of competitive foods and less healthy food choices in schools Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a recommendation for children and adolescents regarding meals?

Eat three meals a day, with healthy snacks Signup and view all the answers

Which program provides repayment for snacks served to children in after-school educational and enrichment programs?

The After School Snack Program Signup and view all the answers

What is the daily recommended level of protein that a breakfast must provide under the School Breakfast Program?

One-fourth of the daily recommended level Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an eligible sponsoring organization for the Summer Food Service Program for Children?

Units of local, county, tribal, or state government Signup and view all the answers

How many servings of bread, pasta, or grains must a lunch include under the National School Lunch Program?

8 servings per week Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the Food Distribution Program?

Not mentioned in the text Signup and view all the answers

Which program helps states provide a nutritious, non-profit breakfast for children?

The School Breakfast Program Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended daily intake of calcium to compensate for age-related bone loss in the elderly?

800mg/day Signup and view all the answers

What is a common cause of iron deficiency in the elderly?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of mild anemia in the elderly?

Less efficient circulation of blood Signup and view all the answers

What is a common feature associated with zinc deficiency in the elderly?

Delayed wound healing Signup and view all the answers

Why are elderly individuals at risk of vitamin D deficiency?

Decreased exposure to sunlight Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended daily intake of vitamin C to protect against cataract?

150-250 mg/day Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of vitamin E in the health of elderly individuals?

Potent nutrient for reducing decline in cellular immunity Signup and view all the answers

Why is the requirement of vitamin B6 increased in the elderly?

Atrophic gastritis Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the Congregate Meals Program of ENP?

To provide one hot meal a day, five days a week, that provides a third of the RDA Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of the To Your Health! program?

Promoting healthy eating habits in older adults Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of the Meals-on-Wheels program?

To deliver home-delivered meals to older adults Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of the Community-Based Programs and Services?

Developing programs to reach seniors, especially those living in rural areas Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Home-Delivered Meals Program?

To deliver meals to those who are homebound Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the components of the Elderly Nutrition Program (ENP)?

Both A and B Signup and view all the answers

What is a risk factor for folate deficiency?

Alcoholic Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of severe vitamin B12 deficiency?

Anemia Signup and view all the answers

What is a goal of Healthy People 2020 objectives for older adults?

Reducing osteoporosis Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of hospitalized elderly may be suffering from malnutrition?

Up to one-half Signup and view all the answers

What does the Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) tool consider?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is a risk factor for vitamin B6 deficiency?

Alcoholic and liver dysfunction Signup and view all the answers

What is a nutrition-related problem among the elderly?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is a factor to consider in nutrition screening for the elderly?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the scientific study of the response and adaptation of bodily systems to the challenge imposed by movement?

Exercise Physiology Signup and view all the answers

What is the integration and application of scientifically based nutrition and exercise physiology principles that support and enhance training, performance, and recovery?

Sports Nutrition Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for competitive physical activities?

Sport Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for bodily movement resulting in an increase in energy expenditure above resting levels?

Exercise Signup and view all the answers

What are the three factors that influence performance?

Genetics, Training & Conditioning, and Nutrition Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for physical activity that is planned, structured, and purposive?

Exercise Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of sports that encourage gaining weight?

To build muscle power Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary fuel source for exercising muscle?

Carbohydrates Signup and view all the answers

Why are complex carbohydrates preferred over simple sugars as a pre-exercise meal?

They increase muscle glycogen stores and improve performance Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended daily intake of carbohydrates for athletes?

60 to 70% of total calories Signup and view all the answers

What is the predominant fuel source during prolonged exercise?

Fat stores Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of protein in the diet of athletes?

It is not needed in excess of 20% of daily energy intake Signup and view all the answers

What is the benefit of consuming complex carbohydrates?

They lead to lower blood sugar and insulin levels Signup and view all the answers

Why are starches better than sugars as a pre-exercise meal?

They provide other beneficial nutrients like fiber, vitamins, and minerals Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for avoiding high fat and high protein foods before a workout?

To prevent stomach upset Signup and view all the answers

What is the benefit of carbohydrate loading for endurance athletes?

It can increase performance by 2 to 3% Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended carbohydrate intake 6 days prior to an event, according to the carbohydrate loading strategy?

5 gm/kg/day Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the post-workout meal?

To prevent gradual depletion of muscle glycogen stores Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of total calories should come from protein for endurance athletes?

18-20% Signup and view all the answers

How much protein is recommended per day for strength athletes?

1.5-2 g/kg/day Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of carbohydrate loading on the body's pre-exercise glycogen stores?

It increases the body's pre-exercise glycogen stores by 50 to 100% Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended daily intake of fat for athletes?

25-30% of total calories Signup and view all the answers

Why is it recommended to avoid high fiber or gas forming foods before a workout?

To prevent stomach upset Signup and view all the answers

What is the benefit of a pre-workout meal that emphasizes complex carbohydrates?

It maintains optimum glycogen stores Signup and view all the answers

What is the optimal time to consume high-quality protein for muscle hypertrophy after resistance exercise?

Immediately after exercise Signup and view all the answers

What is the optimal dose of protein for promoting muscle protein synthesis after exercise?

20 g Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference in carbohydrate loading strategies for untrained and trained athletes?

Untrained athletes require a depletion phase, while trained athletes do not Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended daily intake of cholesterol for athletes?

< 300 mg/day Signup and view all the answers

What is the average body fat percentage for male bodybuilders?

6-7% Signup and view all the answers

What is the risk of very low body fat in women?

Increased risk of amenorrhea Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the obsession with muscle growth and extreme bodybuilding?

Muscle dysmorphia Signup and view all the answers

How often should athletes consume protein during periodized training?

With every meal Signup and view all the answers

Starches are better as a pre-exercise meal because they provide other beneficial nutrients like fiber, vitamins, and minerals.

True Signup and view all the answers

Consuming starches before exercise will lead to faster stomach emptying and higher blood sugar levels.

False Signup and view all the answers

Starches are better as a pre-exercise meal because they delay fatigue and improve performance.

True Signup and view all the answers

Starches lead to increased muscle glycogen storage.

True Signup and view all the answers

Consuming starches before exercise will cause a rapid increase in blood sugar levels.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the main goal of the Elderly Nutrition Program (ENP)?

To improve older people's nutrition status. Signup and view all the answers

What services does the Elderly Nutrition Program (ENP) offer?

All of the above. Signup and view all the answers

What type of support does the Elderly Nutrition Program (ENP) provide to older adults?

All of the above. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key aspect of the Elderly Nutrition Program (ENP)?

Offering nutrition education and shopping assistance. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the services offered by the Elderly Nutrition Program (ENP)?

Supporting overall health and well-being through nutrition. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of the Elderly Nutrition Program (ENP)?

To improve older people's nutrition status Signup and view all the answers

What is provided through the Congregate Meals Program of ENP?

One hot meal per day that provides a third of the RDA Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of the Home-Delivered Meals Program?

Delivering meals to those who are homebound Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the goals of the Elderly Nutrition Program (ENP)?

To provide opportunities for social interaction Signup and view all the answers

What is provided through the Elderly Nutrition Program (ENP)?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Nutrition Programs for Children and Adolescents

The National School Lunch Program helps states make lunches available to children and encourages consumption of national agricultural commodities.
Lunches must include:
- 8 ounces fluid milk
- 2 ounces protein
- ¾ cup serving consisting of two or more vegetables or fruits or both
- 8 servings of bread, pasta, or grains per week

The School Breakfast Program

Helps states provide a nutritious, nonprofit breakfast for children
Breakfast must provide one-fourth of the daily recommended levels of:
- Protein
- Calcium
- Iron
- Vitamin A
- Vitamin C
- Calories
Breakfast can be either hot or cold
Breakfast is served free or at a reduced price to students

The After School Snack Program

An expansion of the NSLP that provides repayment for snacks served to children, through the age of 18, in after-school educational and enrichment programs

The Summer Food Service Program for Children

Provides funds for eligible sponsoring organizations to serve nutritious meals to needy children when school is not in session
Sponsoring organizations include:
- Units of local, county, tribal, or state government
- Residential camps
- Youth sports camps

The Food Distribution Program

Provides commodities to public and private nonprofit schools that serve meals to students
School districts are given an entitlement dollar value based on the number of lunches served during the previous year

Empowering Teens to Make Better Nutrition Decisions

Recognized the importance of empowering teens to make better decisions about their diet, activity, and health
Goals:
- Improve the health of high school students through:
  - Promotion of accurate nutrition information in the classroom
  - Increased availability of healthful food options on campus
Target audience: Low-income students in high schools where at least 40% of the students were eligible for free/reduced-price meals

Nutrition Education in the Public Sector

Three nutrition education programming agencies:
- Nutrition Education and Training program (NET)
- Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP)
- TEAM Nutrition

Recommendations for Children and Adolescents

Eat three meals a day, with healthy snacks
Increase fiber in the diet and decrease the use of salt
Drink water
Try to avoid drinks that are high in sugar

Performance Influencing Factors

Genetics, training & conditioning, and nutrition are key factors that influence performance.
Exercise physiology is the science of the response and adaptation of bodily systems to the challenge imposed by movement.
Sports nutrition is the integration and application of scientifically based nutrition and exercise physiology principles that support and enhance training, performance, and recovery.

Key Terms

Physical activity: bodily movement resulting in an increase in energy expenditure above resting levels.
Exercise: planned, structured, and purposive physical activity.
Sport: competitive physical activity.
Nutrition: science of ingestion, digestion, absorption, metabolism, and biochemical functions of nutrients.

Sports that Encourage Gaining Weight

Weight/power lifting, body building, sprinting, American football, rugby, judo, wrestling, sumo, and boxing.

Determinants of the Athlete's Energy Requirements

During intense exercise, glycogen stored in muscles and liver is the predominant fuel source, followed by fat stores.
During prolonged exercise, fat stores are the predominant fuel source.

Nutrition for Athletes

Athletes do not require a special diet or supplements.
Even in resistance training and body building, protein in excess of 20% of daily energy intake is not needed.

Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates are a major fuel source for exercising muscles.
Athletes should consume 60 to 70% of total calories from carbohydrates.
Complex carbohydrates (starches) are preferable because they:
- Increase muscle glycogen stores
- Improve performance and delay fatigue
- Lead to lower blood sugar and insulin levels
- Promote faster stomach emptying
- Provide other beneficial nutrients (fiber, vitamins, and minerals)

Pre-Workout Meal

Emphasize complex carbohydrates (starches)
Avoid high-fat and high-protein foods
Avoid high-fiber or gas-forming foods

Post-Workout Meal

Replace muscle glycogen stores
Prevent gradual depletion of muscle glycogen stores over time
Decrease muscle breakdown

Carbohydrate Loading

Increases the body's pre-exercise glycogen stores by 50 to 100%
Benefits endurance athletes who compete for longer than 90 minutes
Can increase endurance by up to 20% and performance by 2 to 3%

Carbohydrate Loading Strategies

Untrained athletes: depletion phase, followed by loading phase
Trained athletes: no depletion phase, only loading phase

Protein

Athletes require more protein than non-athletes
18 to 20% of total calories should come from protein
Protein intake should be adjusted to type of training
Endurance athletes: 1.2 to 1.4 g/kg/day
Strength athletes: 1.5 to 2 g/kg/day

Protein Quality

Essential amino acids: phenylalanine, valine, tryptophan, threonine, isoleucine, methionine, histidine, and lysine

Protein Timing

Resistance exercise stimulates hypertrophy 2-3 hours post-exercise
Hypertrophy only achievable with immediate availability of amino acids
Maximum stimulation of protein synthesis with immediate consumption of high-quality protein in recovery phase
20 g dose is thought to be optimal

Periodization of Training

Frequent large meals varying in size according to training period
Nutritionally balanced: 50% CHO, 15-20% protein, 20-35% fat
Protein in every meal, not all animal protein

Muscle Dysmorphia

The Adonis complex-Bigorexia
Overlap with orthorexia
Consequences: psychological, nutritional, social, health, and PED usage

Fat

25 to 30% of total calories should come from fat
Less than 10% of total calories should come from saturated fats
Cholesterol intake should be < 300 mg/day

Average Body Fat by Sport

Various sports: basketball, bodybuilding, cycling, football, gymnastics, running, swimming, tennis, and powerlifting

Dangers of Very Low Body Fat

Women: 12% body fat, amenorrhea, and osteoporosis

Starches as a Pre-Exercise Meal

Starches are a better pre-exercise meal compared to sugars because they increase muscle glycogen stores.
Consuming starches before exercise improves performance and delays fatigue.
Starches lead to lower blood sugar and insulin levels.
Starches promote faster stomach emptying, which aids in digestion.
Additionally, starches provide other beneficial nutrients such as fiber, vitamins, and minerals.

Nutrition Programs of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services

Elderly Nutrition Program (ENP)

Aims to improve older people’s nutrition status
Provides low-cost, nutritious meals
Offers opportunities for social interaction
Provides nutrition education and shopping assistance
Offers counseling and referral rehabilitation services
Provides transportation services

Nutrition Programs of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services

The Elderly Nutrition Program (ENP) aims to improve older people's nutrition status and provides several benefits.

ENP Goals and Services

Provides low-cost, nutritious meals.
Offers opportunities for social interaction.
Delivers nutrition education and shopping assistance.
Offers counseling and referral services.
Provides rehabilitation services.
Offers transportation services.

Congregate Meals Program

Provides one hot meal a day, which accounts for a third of the Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA).
Meals are provided five days a week.

Home-Delivered Meals Program

Delivers meals to those who are homebound.

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Description

Quiz about nutrition programs for children and adolescents, including the National School Lunch Program, School Breakfast Program, and more. Learn about the services and programs offered by the U.S. Department of Agriculture.