Nutrition and Food Fortification Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary health concern associated with insufficient folic acid intake during pregnancy?

  • Cardiovascular disease
  • Muscle weakness
  • Neural tube defects (correct)
  • Vision impairment

    • Which of the following is a common outcome of vitamin A deficiency?

  • Improved vision
  • General fatigue (correct)
  • Weight gain
  • Increased energy levels

    • Wheat flour is commonly fortified with which type of nutrient?

  • B vitamins (correct)
  • Iron
  • Vitamin C
  • Calcium

    • In which region is sugar fortified with vitamin A and iron?

    <p>Central America</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the key reasons for fortifying staple foods?

    <p>To increase nutrient intake across the population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily influences the bioavailability of minerals from different foods?

    <p>The physiological need for minerals at the time of consumption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are minerals from animal foods generally better absorbed than those from plant foods?

    <p>Animal tissues contain more concentrated minerals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the fortification of foods primarily involve?

    <p>Enriching food with minerals and trace elements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nutrient is added to margarine during fortification?

    <p>Vitamins A &amp; D</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor can enhance calcium absorption, according to the content?

    <p>Vitamin D</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substance is known to inhibit the absorption of minerals such as iron and zinc?

    <p>Phytic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT typically a reason for food fortification?

    <p>Enhancing flavor profiles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Excessive intake of which mineral could lead to toxic side effects?

    <p>Selenium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major source of minerals concentrated in animal foods?

    <p>Minerals concentrated from plants they eat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a physiological factor that can enhance iron absorption?

    <p>Vitamin C intake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition in miners is associated with excessive mineral intake?

    <p>Mineral toxicity due to dust inhalation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological condition increases the water intake needs of a pregnant woman?

    <p>Pregnancy and lactation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason infants and young children have a higher risk of dehydration compared to adults?

    <p>Inability to communicate thirst</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What body weight percentage loss typically correlates with the onset of thirst?

    <p>1%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In conditions of high temperature and physical activity, how much may water losses from the skin and lungs increase?

    <p>3-10 times</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What age group must monitor water intake carefully due to diminished thirst sensation?

    <p>Elderly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what percentage of body weight loss might significant muscle strength and endurance decrease?

    <p>3%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor primarily dictates the increased need for water in individuals living in hot climates?

    <p>Combination of heat and activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may happen if a person loses around 20% of their body weight due to dehydration?

    <p>Death may occur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following mineral waters is NOT rich in magnesium?

    <p>Vittel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of total dietary magnesium intake can mineral waters contribute?

    <p>More than 20%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mineral water is recognized for its high sulfate content?

    <p>Hépar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a documented role of fluorine in drinking water?

    <p>Preventing tooth decay</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following waters is an example of high calcium content?

    <p>Contrex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What health aspect is sulfate important for?

    <p>Elimination of drugs and catabolites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How has magnesium intake changed in Western societies?

    <p>Decreased due to changing diets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many main fluid compartments exist in the body?

    <p>Two</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is classified as very low mineral content in natural mineral water?

    <p>TDS less than 50 mg/l</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component indicates the presence of sulfate in natural mineral water?

    <p>SO4-2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum content of calcium required for natural mineral water to be classified as containing calcium?

    <blockquote> <p>150 mg/l</p> </blockquote> Signup and view all the answers

    How much free CO2 indicates that natural mineral water is acidic?

    <blockquote> <p>250 mg/l</p> </blockquote> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main source of potable water around the world?

    <p>Lakes and rivers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mineral content must exceed 200 mg/l for natural mineral water to be classified as containing sodium?

    <p>Na</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the earth's fresh water is currently inaccessible for use?

    <p>More than 75%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does water play in food preparation according to the provided information?

    <p>It helps dilute noxious substances and makes foods more palatable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary effect of severe vitamin A deficiency?

    <p>Night blindness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Antioxidants protect the body by enhancing the effects of free radicals.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one vitamin that acts as an important antioxidant.

    <p>Vitamin E or Vitamin C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vitamin _______ is the precursor of β-carotene.

    <p>A</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following vitamins with their roles:

    <p>Vitamin A = Vision and immune response Vitamin E = Antioxidant activities B Vitamins = Metabolic reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes intermediary metabolism?

    <p>The generation of energy and metabolic reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Antioxidants must be consumed in large amounts for effective protection.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can happen to the cornea in cases of severe vitamin A deficiency?

    <p>Thickening leading to total loss of vision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the RDA for vitamin A for males?

    <p>1,000 RE</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Niacin can be synthesized from tryptophan in the body.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of vitamin K?

    <p>Assists in blood clotting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For β-carotene, ______ µg β-carotene equals 1µg of vitamin A.

    <p>6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the vitamin with its deficiency condition:

    <p>Vitamin A = Night blindness Vitamin D = Rickets Vitamin K = Hypothrombinaemia Vitamin C = Scurvy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vitamin enhances calcium absorption?

    <p>Vitamin D</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a source of vitamin E?

    <p>Vegetable oils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ESADDI reflects a specific daily recommendation for all vitamins.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Minerals from plant foods are generally better absorbed than those from animal foods.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the RDA for niacin expressed in niacin equivalents (NE)?

    <p>60 mg of tryptophan equals 1 mg of niacin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one mineral that can lead to toxicity when consumed in excess.

    <p>Zinc</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The physiological need for a mineral increases absorption, such as in the case of __________ deficiency leading to increased iron absorption.

    <p>iron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following substances to their effect on mineral absorption:

    <p>Phytic acid = Inhibits absorption of minerals Vitamin C = Enhances iron absorption Vitamin D = Enhances calcium absorption Zinc = Can lead to toxicity when excessive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following foods is considered a rich source of minerals?

    <p>Meat and fish</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Calcium absorption is inhibited by substances found in certain legumes.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor can enhance the absorption of iron?

    <p>Vitamin C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate daily water intake needed by healthy adults?

    <p>2,500 ml</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Children between 1 and 6 years need an estimated water intake of 90-100 ml per kg of body weight per day.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    List one factor that influences water requirements.

    <p>Age, body temperature, environment, illness, or injury.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Infants between 6 months and 1 year require approximately ____ ml of water per kg BW per day.

    <p>120 - 130</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following age groups with their respective daily water needs per kg body weight:

    <p>Prematures = 150 - 180 ml Newborns (&gt;3 days) = 120 - 150 ml Children (1-6 years) = 90 - 100 ml Adolescents (11-18 years) = 40 - 50 ml</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which population is at a higher risk of dehydration?

    <p>Infants and young children</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The total water intake from various sources is estimated to be 3,500 ml per day.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated amount of water lost through respiration and sweating?

    <p>1,000 ml/day</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the RDA of calcium for adults?

    <p>800 mg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Phosphorus is primarily responsible for acid-base balance in the body.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the primary functions of magnesium in the body?

    <p>Activation of enzymes and muscle contractions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The recommended daily allowance (RDA) for iron is ___ mg for males and ___ mg for females.

    <p>10, 15</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the trace elements with their main functions:

    <p>Iron = Component of hemoglobin Zinc = Immune system support Copper = Activation of enzymes Iodine = Normal thyroid function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mineral is known to be effective in preventing dental caries?

    <p>Fluorine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chloride is important for forming gastric juice.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the RDA for potassium?

    <p>2000 mg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sodium is primarily involved in ___ regulation.

    <p>blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a source of magnesium?

    <p>Whole grain cereals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Vitamin A and Vision

    • Vitamin A deficiency is recognized as the third most common micronutrient deficiency globally, affecting millions of people, particularly in developing countries where diets may lack adequate nutrition.
    • Common symptoms of vitamin A deficiency include muscle weakness, general fatigue, dry skin, and impaired vision. In severe cases, it can lead to night blindness, where individuals struggle to see in low light or darkness, and can result in permanent damage to the cornea, leading to blindness.

    Food Fortification

    • Fortification is a public health strategy that involves adding essential nutrients to food to prevent or correct nutritional deficiencies and improve overall health in populations.
    • This initiative is often mandated by law in many regions, particularly focusing on staple foods that form a major part of the diet, ensuring that the nutrients reach a wide audience effectively.
    • Examples of food fortification include:
      • Wheat Flour: In the UK and USA, B vitamins, particularly folic acid, are added to help reduce the risk of neural tube defects.
      • Maize Flour: In Canada, iron and calcium are commonly added to combat deficiencies and improve bone health among populations that rely on maize as a staple.
      • Sugar: In Central America, vitamin A and iron fortification helps to reduce the prevalence of deficiencies in these critical nutrients.
      • Salt: In countries like India and across Asia, iodine and iron are added to salt to prevent goiter and iron deficiency anemia, respectively.
      • Margarine: In many countries, vitamins A and D are included in margarine to enhance nutritional value, especially for populations that may not obtain these vitamins from other dietary sources.
      • MSG (Monosodium Glutamate): In the Philippines, vitamin A is added to MSG to fortify this common seasoning used in various dishes.
      • Curry Powder: In South Africa, iron is added to curry powder to help alleviate iron deficiency, which is common in this region.
      • Tea Leaves: In India, the fortification of tea leaves with vitamin A aims to boost intake as tea is widely consumed.
      • Breakfast Cereals: In many Western nations, breakfast cereals are fortified with B vitamins and essential minerals, catering to a broad audience and encouraging healthy eating habits.

    Functions of Folic Acid (Folate)

    • Folic acid, also known as vitamin B9, plays a crucial role in reducing the risk of birth defects, particularly neural tube defects like spina bifida. It is especially important for pregnant women to ensure adequate intake.
    • Moreover, folic acid is linked to a decreased risk of cardiovascular disease, as it helps maintain healthy homocysteine levels in the blood, which is associated with heart health.

    Mineral Absorption

    • The bioavailability of minerals varies significantly between different foods, affecting how much of these essential nutrients can be absorbed and utilized by the body.
    • Mineral absorption is also influenced by physiological need; for instance, when the body is low on iron, it can increase its absorption efficiency to compensate for the deficiency.
    • Certain vitamins enhance mineral absorption: vitamin D improves calcium absorption in the intestines, while vitamin C can enhance the absorption of non-heme iron from plant sources.
    • Animal-based foods typically provide higher concentrations of minerals that are more readily absorbed compared to plant-based sources due to different bioavailability factors.
    • Several factors can inhibit mineral absorption, such as phytic acid found in grains, which binds minerals like iron and zinc, making them less available for absorption in the gastrointestinal tract.

    Toxicity

    • Excessive intake of minerals can lead to toxicity, particularly for minerals like selenium, zinc, and iron, where high levels can result in adverse health effects, including organ damage and metabolic disturbances.

    Water Requirements and Dehydr

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the importance of Vitamin A, folic acid, and food fortification strategies. This quiz covers various nutrients, their roles in health, and examples of dietary fortification practices around the world. Perfect for students and anyone interested in public health and nutrition.

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