HLT 102 Final Quiz Review
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Amino acids

Compounds in proteins used by the body to build and repair tissue.

Antioxidants

Substances that protect the body from cell damage.

Anorexia nervosa

An eating disorder caused by an altered self-image.

Cholesterol

A waxy fat-like substance found in all body cells.

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MyPlate

Nutrition guide dividing five food groups for a healthy diet.

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Nutrients

Organic and inorganic food components essential for life.

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Triglycerides

Type of fat in the blood that provides energy.

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Nutrition Facts on Labels

Mandatory details that must appear on food labels, including serving size, calories, and daily values.

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Cariogenic Foods

Foods that promote dental decay by producing acids that can lead to plaque buildup.

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Factors in Cariogenicity

The length of time food stays in the mouth and the frequency of consumption are crucial in determining caries risk.

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Complex vs. Simple Carbohydrates

Complex carbohydrates are less cariogenic as they are cleared from the mouth more quickly than simple carbs.

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Salivary Flow Benefits

Saliva helps clear food from the mouth and provides fluoride to strengthen teeth, aiding in remineralization.

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Types of Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates are classified into simple, complex, and dietary fiber based on molecule complexity.

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Simple Carbohydrates

Quickly digestible sugars found in fruits, milk, and processed foods that provide energy.

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Complex Carbohydrates

Larger molecules found in grains and vegetables that convert to glucose for sustained energy.

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Dietary Fiber

Indigestible carbohydrate that aids in digestion and is classified as soluble or insoluble.

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Complete Proteins

Proteins containing all essential amino acids needed by the body, found in animal sources.

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Incomplete Proteins

Proteins lacking one or more essential amino acids, found in plant sources like nuts and grains.

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Good vs. Bad Cholesterol

HDL is good cholesterol, while LDL is bad cholesterol; they differ in health impact.

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Role of Water

Essential for regulating body temperature, transporting nutrients, and waste removal.

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Essential Minerals

14 critical minerals the body needs in small amounts for health and function.

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Nutrition Facts Labels

Required labels on food products that provide essential nutrition information.

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Role of Saliva in Remineralization

Saliva provides calcium, phosphate, and fluoride necessary for tooth remineralization.

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Saliva Buffers

Saliva contains buffers like bicarbonate and phosphate that neutralize acids from food.

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Antibacterial Properties of Saliva

Saliva contains immunoglobulins that help fight bacteria in the mouth.

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Effects of Reduced Salivary Function

Low saliva flow increases the risk of dental decay due to heightened bacterial growth.

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Importance of Salivary Flow

Good salivary flow is crucial for controlling tooth decay and maintaining oral health.

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CAMBRA

An approach to prevent or treat dental caries using risk assessment.

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Caries Risk Test

A test of saliva to identify cariogenic bacteria.

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Demineralization

The loss of minerals from the tooth, leading to decay.

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Cavitated Lesion

Formation of a cavity or hole in the tooth.

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Early Childhood Caries (ECC)

Decayed, missing, or filled surfaces in primary teeth.

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Mutans Streptococci

Bacteria primarily responsible for dental caries.

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Xerostomia

Dryness of the mouth due to reduced saliva.

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Caries

An infectious disease causing tooth decay due to bacteria, sugar, and teeth.

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Mutans streptococci (MS)

A primary bacteria in dental plaque responsible for causing caries.

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Lactobacilli (LB)

Bacteria indicating high sugar intake, contributing to dental caries.

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Oral biofilm

Colorless, sticky coating of bacteria on teeth surfaces, also known as plaque.

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Root caries

Cavities that form on the exposed root surfaces of teeth.

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Pit-and-fissure caries

Cavities that occur mainly in the grooves of molars and premolars.

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Saliva

Fluid that helps neutralize acids and remineralize teeth, protecting against caries.

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Fermentable carbohydrates

Sugars that bacteria feed on, leading to acid production and tooth decay.

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Gingivitis

Early stage of periodontal disease with inflammation and bleeding of gums.

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Periodontitis

Inflammation of supporting tissues, can lead to gum and bone loss.

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Stages of Periodontitis

Includes early periodontitis, moderate, and advanced stages with varying severity.

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Periodontal Pockets

Spaces that form between the teeth and gums in periodontitis.

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American Academy of Periodontology (AAP)

Organization that developed a system for staging and grading periodontitis.

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Bacterial Impact on Periodontal Health

Changes in oral bacteria contribute to various forms of periodontal disease.

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Dental plaque

A soft, sticky film of bacteria that forms on teeth.

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Calculus (tartar)

A hard deposit formed from mineralized dental plaque that attaches to teeth.

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Supragingival calculus

Calculus located above the gum line, often yellowish-white.

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Subgingival calculus

Calculus found below the gum line, can be dark green or black.

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Periodontal disease

Inflammation and infection of the gums and supporting structures due to plaque.

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Systemic diseases related to periodontal disease

Conditions such as cardiovascular disease linked to oral health.

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Materia alba

A soft mixture of bacteria and salivary proteins, visible without a disclosing agent.

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Alveolar bone

Bone that supports teeth within the jaw.

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Cementum

Protective tissue covering the root of the tooth.

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Risk factors for periodontal disease

Conditions that can worsen periodontal disease, such as malocclusion or medications.

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Periodontium

Tissues supporting and surrounding the teeth, including gums and bone.

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Gingiva

Soft tissue (gums) that surrounds the necks of teeth.

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Sulcus

The space between the tooth and the free gingiva.

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Bacterial plaque

A sticky film of bacteria on teeth causing inflammation and gum disease.

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Signs of periodontal disease

Symptoms include red gums, bleeding, loose teeth, and pus.

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Epithelial attachment

Tissue where gingiva attaches to the tooth at the sulcus base.

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Periodontal ligaments

Connective fibers attaching tooth root cementum to the alveolar bone.

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Treatment for periodontal disease

Early detection and treatment can help retain teeth for life.

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Abscess

Localized area of pus from a bacterial infection.

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Biopsy

Procedure to remove tissue or cells for diagnosis.

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Candidiasis

Infection caused by a yeast-like fungus, also called thrush.

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Cellulitis

Serious bacterial skin infection causing tissue inflammation.

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Hemorrhage

Swelling or mass of blood collected outside a vessel.

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Erosion

Wearing away of tissue or tooth structure.

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Sarcoma

A broad group of cancers that start in bones and soft tissue.

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Oral Pathology

The study of diseases in the oral cavity.

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Clinical Diagnosis

Diagnosis based on the clinical appearance of lesions.

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Ulcer

A break in the mucosa resembling a crater.

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Cyst

A fluid or semisolid-filled sac in tissues.

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Lesion

Abnormal tissue in the oral cavity; can vary greatly.

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Black hairy tongue

A condition caused by elongated filiform papillae that resemble hair, often due to antibiotic use.

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Geographic tongue

A benign condition where irregular shaped areas of filiform papillae loss create map-like patterns on the tongue's surface.

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Fissured tongue

A tongue variant featuring deep fissures or grooves, potentially due to vitamin deficiency or chronic trauma.

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Pernicious anemia

A condition where vitamin B12 absorption is impaired, leading to anemia and oral symptoms such as tongue issues.

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Osteoradionecrosis

Bone death (necrosis) due to radiation treatment, particularly affecting the jaw, leading to severe complications.

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Chemotherapy oral implications

Chemotherapy agents often cause adverse effects in oral tissues due to their targeting of rapidly dividing cells.

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Granuloma

A type of nodule containing granulation tissue, often found in the mouth.

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Leukoplakia

A white patch in the mouth that is firmly attached and cannot be scraped off.

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Lichen Planus

A chronic disease causing patchy white lesions with a pattern on the oral mucosa.

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Pseudomembranous Candidiasis

Also known as thrush, it presents with white plaques in the mouth that can be scraped off.

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Aphthous Ulcers

Common painful ulcers in the mouth, also called canker sores, that recur periodically.

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Minor RAU

The mildest form of recurrent aphthous ulcers, typically fewer than six times a year.

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Major RAU

A more severe form of recurrent aphthous ulcers with deeper and larger sores, found in the immunocompromised.

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Glossitis

Inflammation of the tongue that can occur in various oral diseases.

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