Nursing Roles and Responsibilities

Foundations of Nursing

• Nursing is both an art and a science
• Nursing as an art involves delivering care with compassion, caring and respect for the patients individuality and dignity.
• Nursing as a science involves evidence based practices that are continually changing with new discoveries and innovations.
• Integration of art and science standards in nursing benefits patients and their families and provides them with high quality care

Nursing as a Profession

• Patients are at the center and may include individuals, families and communities, depending on the situation
• Patients have a wide variety of healthcare needs, knowledge, experiences, vulnerabilities and expectations
• Nursing is not simply a collection of specific skills, or simply being trained to perform specific tasks

Science and Art of Nursing Practice

• Nursing practice requires a blend of current knowledge and insightful, compassionate approaches to patients’ healthcare needs
• Clinical expertise requires time and commitment
• Well thought-out care includes compassion and caring to provide each patient with the best science and art of nursing care

Scope and Standards of Practice

• It is essential to provide a specified service according to the standards of practice and to follow a code of ethics when providing care
• Professional practice includes knowledge from social, behavioral, biological and physiological sciences plus nursing theories

American Nurses Association (ANA) on Nursing

• Nursing incorporates the art and science of caring, focusing on the protection, promotion, and optimization of health and abilities
• Nursing includes prevention of illness and injury, facilitation of healing, and alleviation of suffering through compassionate presence
• Nursing also entails diagnosis and treatment, human response and advocacy in the care of individuals, families, groups, communities and populations
• Recognition of the connection of all of humanity is integral

International Council of Nurses (ICN) on Nursing

• Nursing encompasses autonomous and collaborative care of individuals of all ages, families, groups and communities, sick or well in all settings
• Nursing includes promotion of health, prevention of illness and care for ill, disabled and dying people
• Advocacy, promotion of a safe environment, research and participation in shaping health policy are all included

American Nurses Association (ANA) Standards of Nursing Practice

• Assessment requires collection of data and information relative to the healthcare consumer's health or the situation
• Diagnosis involves analyzing assessment data to determine potential or actual issues
• Outcomes Identification requires identifying expected outcomes for a plan customized to the healthcare consumer
• Planning involves developing a plan with strategies to achieve expected outcomes
• Implementation puts the identified plan into action
• Coordination of Care is one part of implementation of care delivery
• Health Teaching and Health Promotion is one part of implementation through employing strategies to teach and promote health and wellness
• Evaluation judges progress towards the attainment of goals and outcomes

American Nurses Association (ANA) Standards of Professional Performance

• Ethics is integrating ethics in all aspects of practice
• Advocacy demonstrates advocacy in all roles and settings
• Respectful and Equitable Practice is practicing with cultural humility and inclusiveness
• Communication is communicating effectively in all areas of professional practice
• Collaboration is collaborating with healthcare consumers and other key stakeholders
• Leadership leads within the professional practice setting and the profession
• Education means seeking the knowledge and competence that reflects current nursing practice and promotes futuristic thinking
• Scholarly Inquiry integrates scholarship, evidence and research findings into practice
• Quality of Practice contributes to quality in nursing practice
• Professional Practice Evaluation is when a nurse evaluates their own and others nursing practice
• Resource Stewardship uses correct resources to plan, provide and sustain safe, effective and fiscally responsible nursing services, avoid waste
• Environmental Health practices in a manner that advances environmental safety and health

Code of Ethics in Nursing

• A nursing code of ethics is a statement of philosophical ideals of right and wrong
• Defines the principles which will be used to provide care to patients
• Nurses provide care and comfort

Professional Nursing Roles and Responsibilities

• Meeting the patients' needs, whether focusing on health promotion, illness prevention, disease management, or end-of-life care is always the main concern
• Autonomy and Accountability are essential element of professional nursing with independent interventions
• Caregivers help patients maintain and regain health, manage disease and symptoms

Nursing Job Titles

• Advocate means the act of protecting the patients' human and legal rights
• Communicates effectively with patients, including their preferences, strength, weaknesses, and need
• Manager is responsible for establishing an environment for collaborative patient centered care and safe evidence-based practice
• Educator value as a patient educator is important to patients' health and recovery

Career Development in Nursing

• Clinician is responsible for giving direct hands-on patient care in acute care settings
• Advanced Practice Registered Nurses (APRNs) are independently functioning nurses with master's degree or Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP)

Advanced Practice Registered Nurses

• Clinical nurse specialist
• Nurse practitioner
• Certified nurse-midwife
• Certified registered nurse anesthetist

Career Paths in Nursing

• Nurse Educator primarily work in schools of nursing, patient education, and staff development
• Nurse educators are required to have experience and knowledge in their field
• Nurse Administrator is responsible for management of the nursing staff in a healthcare agency
• Nurse Researcher conducts evidence-based practice and performance improvement research

Historical Influences in Nursing

• Knowledge of the history of the nursing profession increases understanding of the social and intellectual origins of the discipline
• Florence Nightingale established the first nursing philosophy based on health maintenance and restoration
• Nightingale was the first practicing nurse epidemiologist
• Her analyses connected poor sanitation with the incidence of cholera and dysentery
• She volunteered during the Crimean War in 1853 and was known as the "lady with the lamp"
• She worked in battlefield hospitals, ensuring sanitary & nutritional conditions

Important Figures in the History of Nursing

• Clara Barton founded the American Red Cross
• Dorothea Lynde Dix, Mary Ann Ball (Mother Bickerdyke), and Harriet Tubman were key figures
• Dix and Bickerdyke organized hospitals, ambulances, and cared for wounded soldiers
• Harriet Tubman was active in the Underground Railroad
• Mary Mahoney was the first professionally educated African-American nurse
• Isabel Hampton Robb helped found the Nurses' Associated Alumnae, authored textbooks

More History of Nursing

• Lillian Wald and Mary Brewster Opened the Henry Street Settlement in 1893, focusing on health needs of the poor in NYC
• Early 20th Century saw a Movement towards scientific, research-based nursing knowledge
• Mary Adelaide Nutting became the first nursing professor at Columbia Teachers College in 1906
• Magnet Recognition Program created specialty-nursing organizations like the American Association of Critical Care Nurses, AORN, INS, and ENA
• The ANA established the Center for Ethics and Human Rights in 1990
• The 21st Century saw challenges o Adapting nursing practice and curricula for aging populations, cultural diversity

Contemporary Influences on Nursing

• Nurses' Self-Care requires nursing be emotionally and physically demanding
• Nurses require self-care to maintain care for others
• Exposure to grief and loss can lead to compassion fatigue, characterized by secondary traumatic stress and burnout
• Compassion fatigue comes from the long-time involvement without patient outcomes
• Burnout arises with resources exceeding exhaustion
• Early recognition programs and environments can help manage compassion fatigue
• Resiliency skills are essential for managing stress and conflict

Contemporary Influences on Nursing (cont.)

• Health care reform emphasizes health promotion, disease prevention, and community-based care
• Nurses will need to adapt to changes by improving resource management and patient discharge processes
• Rising health care costs require nurses to deliver quality care efficiently and economically

The Changing Face of Nursing

• The population is aging alongside the population and baby boomers will be over 65 by 2030
• By 2044, half of the U.S. population will be a minority group
• Shifting from rural to urban areas includes more people living with chronic illnesses and community-based care

Contemporary Influences on Nursing (cont.)

• Factors such as unemployment, mental illness, homelessness, and rising health care costs contribute to the medically underserved population.
• The underserved group faces access to care due to economic, political and social barriers
• Underserved patients require home-based palliative care services
• Low health literacy leads to less participation in

Trends in Nursing Today

• Evolving with societal changes, health care priorities, technologies
• Nursing philosophies use holistic focus, addressing the whole person in health, illness, family, and community interactions
• There is an increasing awareness of patient

Evidence Based Practice

• RNs must make sound clinical judgments
• Must be based on evidence and experience, versus education alone
• The public is more informed about health care needs, costs, and medical errors
• Health care agencies adopt EBP to control

Quality and Safety Education for Nurses (QSEN)

• QSEN aims to prepare nurses with knowledge, skills, and suitable attitudes to improve health care quality and safety
• Defines competencies in patient-centered care, safety, and informatics for prelicensure and graduate

Table Explaining Quality and Safety Education for Nurses

• Patient centered care involves integrated understanding of the patients preferences and diversity
• Teamwork and collaboration includes open communication, mutual respect and making joint team decision
• Evidence-based practice includes scientific methods, appreciating the value of journals and current evidence
• Quality improvement is when you are monitoring outcomes and improve designs of safety and processes
• Safety is achieved by reducing harm to patients
• Informatics takes the best use of technology

Technologies in Nursing

• Technologies like EHR and telehealth improve care accuracy, patient data management, and communication
• Essential knowledge helps nurses guide patients and enhance care delivery

Genomics

• Studies all genes impacting health outcomes
• Nurses play a role in interpreting test results, identifying risk factors, and counseling while being sensitive

Public Perception of Nursing

• Nursing is essential for health care delivery and nurses are the most important people in healthcare
• Access healthcare information through platforms for choices in what care is given

Politics and Health Policies role in Nursing

• Politics influence care improvements
• The ANA promotes standards and professional development

Registered Nurse Education

• A 4 year Bachelor Degree in nursing requires science, theory, art and social science classes
• A masters degree is required to become a nurse administrator
• There are also doctorate degrees for certain nurses

Nurse Doctorates

• Doctor of Nursing Science (DSN or DNSc): Focuses on applying clinical research
• Doctor of Philosophy (PhD): Emphasizes research and theory development.
• Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP): A practice-focused doctorate for APRNs

On Going Education in Nursing

• Continuing Education: Updates nurses on the latest technologies and practices through institution
• Service Education: Provided to healthcare agencies helps enhance skills and knowledge

Regulations on Nursing Practice

• Nurse Practice Acts (NPAs): Regulate the scope of nursing practice and defining legal practice limits to ensure public safety
• State Boards of Nursing oversee NPAs, slightly varying by state
• RN candidates must pass the NCLEX-RN
• For PNLE for the Philippines

Professional Nursing Organizations

• Issues are related to nursing practice
• Offer support
• Provide educational programs and development
• Student Nurse association

Explore the multifaceted roles and responsibilities of nurses. This flashcard covers patient advocacy, education, coordination of care, and promoting safety, highlighting key professional duties in various healthcare settings.