Fundamentals of Nursing PDF

Fundamentals of Nursing NUR 200 Nursing is an art and a science. As an art, nursing involves learning to deliver care with compassion, caring, and respect for each patient’s dignity and individuality. As a science, nursing practice is based on a body of...

Fundamentals of Nursing NUR 200 Nursing is an art and a science. As an art, nursing involves learning to deliver care with compassion, caring, and respect for each patient’s dignity and individuality. As a science, nursing practice is based on a body of knowledge and evidence-based practices that are continually changing with new discoveries and innovations. Through integration of the art and science of nursing, the quality of care you provide meets the highest standards and benefits patients and their families.  NURSING AS A PROFESSION The patient is the center of your practice. Depending on the setting and situation, your patients may include individuals, families, and/or communities. Patients have a wide variety of health care needs, knowledge, experiences, vulnerabilities, and expectations, but this is what makes nursing both challenging and rewarding. Nursing is not simply a collection of specific skills, and you are not simply a person trained to perform specific tasks.  Science and Art of Nursing Practice Because nursing is both an art and a science, nursing practice requires a blend of current knowledge and practice standards with an insightful and compassionate approach to your patients’ health care needs. Clinical expertise takes time and commitment When you provide well–thought-out care with compassion and caring, you provide each patient the best of the science and art of nursing care.  Scope and Standards of Practice When giving care, it is essential to provide a specified service according to standards of practice and to follow a code of ethics. Professional practice includes knowledge from social and behavioral sciences, biological and physiological sciences, and nursing theories. According to the American Nurses Association, ANA, 2021 Nursing incorporates the art and science of caring and focuses on the protection, promotion, and optimization of health and abilities; prevention of illness and injury; facilitation of healing; and alleviation of suffering through compassionate presence. Nursing is the diagnosis and treatment of human response, and advocacy in the care of individuals, families, groups, communities, and populations in recognition of the connection of all humanity. According to the International Council of Nurses (ICN), 2021 Nursing encompasses autonomous and collaborative care of individuals of all ages, families, groups, and communities, sick or well, and in all settings. Nursing includes the promotion of health; prevention of illness; and the care of ill, disabled, and dying people. Advocacy, promotion of a safe environment, research, participation in shaping Code of Ethics. The nursing code of ethics is a statement of philosophical ideals of right and wrong that define the principles you will use to provide care to your patients. Professional Responsibilities and Roles Nurses provide care and comfort for patients in all health care settings. Their concern for meeting patients’ needs remains the same whether care focuses on health promotion and illness prevention, disease and symptom management, family support, or end-of-life care Professional Responsibilities and Roles Autonomy and Accountability. Autonomy is an essential element of professional nursing that involves the initiation of independent nursing interventions without medical orders. Caregiver. As a caregiver you help patients maintain and regain health, manage disease and symptoms, and attain a maximal level of function and independence through the healing process. Advocate. As a patient advocate you protect your patient’s human and legal rights and provide Professional Responsibilities and Roles Educator. Your value as a patient educator is important to your patients’ health and recovery. Your ability to teach effectively improves patients’ knowledge, skills, self-care activities, and ability to make informed decisions Communicator. An effective communicator is central to the nurse patient relationship.It allows you to know your patients, including their preferences, strengths, weaknesses, and needs. Manager. Nurse managers direct groups of nurses by establishing an environment for collaborative Career Development Clinician. Most nurses provide direct (hands-on) patient care in acute care settings. Advanced Practice Registered Nurses. The advanced practice registered nurse (APRN) is the most independently functioning nurse. An APRN has a master’s degree or Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) degree in nursing; advanced education in pathophysiology, pharmacology, and physical assessment; and certification and expertise in a specialized area of practice.  Advanced Practice Registered Nurses. 1. Clinical nurse specialist. 2.Nurse practitioner 3.Certified nurse-midwife. 4.Certified registered nurse anesthetist. Career Development Nurse Educator. A nurse educator works primarily in schools of nursing, staff development departments of health care agencies, and patient education departments. Nurse educators need experience in clinical practice to provide them with practical skills and theoretical knowledge. Nurse Administrator. A nurse administrator is responsible for management of the nursing staff in a health care agency. Nurse Researcher. The nurse researcher conducts evidence-based practice, performance improvement, HISTORICAL INFLUENCES Knowledge of the history of the nursing profession increases your understanding of the social and intellectual origins of the discipline. Florence Nightingale. She established the first nursing philosophy based on health maintenance and restoration. Nightingale was the first practicing nurse epidemiologist. Her statistical analyses connected poor sanitation with the incidence of cholera and dysentery. She volunteered during the Crimean War in 1853 and traveled the battlefield hospitals at night, carrying her lamp; thus, she was known as the “lady with the lamp.” The sanitary, nutritional, and basic conditions in the battlefield hospitals were poor, and she was asked to ensure the HISTORICAL INFLUENCES The Civil War to the Beginning of the Twentieth Century. 1. Clara Barton founded the American Red Cross. 2.Dorothea Lynde Dix, Mary Ann Ball (Mother Bickerdyke), and Harriet Tubman were key figures. 3.Dix and Bickerdyke organized hospitals, ambulances, and cared for wounded soldiers. 4.Harriet Tubman was active in the Underground Railroad. Mary Mahoney: First professionally educated African- American nurse. Advocated for cultural diversity and respect in nursing. Isabel Hampton Robb: Helped found the Nurses’ Associated Alumnae of the United States and Canada in 1896 (later ANA). o Authored nursing textbooks and co- HISTORICAL INFLUENCES Lillian Wald and Mary Brewster: Opened the Henry Street Settlement in 1893, focusing on health needs of the poor in NYC. Early 20th Century: Movement towards scientific, research-based nursing knowledge. Mary Adelaide Nutting became the first nursing professor at Columbia Teachers College in 1906. Magnet Recognition Program. Creation of specialty- nursing organizations like the American Association of Critical Care Nurses, AORN, INS, and ENA. ANA established the Center for Ethics and Human Rights in 1990. 21st Century Challenges: o Adapting nursing practice and curricula for aging populations, cultural diversity, Contemporary Influences on Nursing: Nurses' Self-Care o Nursing is physically and emotionally demanding, requiring self-care to maintain compassionate care for others. o Exposure to grief and loss can lead to compassion fatigue, characterized by burnout and secondary traumatic stress. o Compassion fatigue results from prolonged emotional involvement without improved patient outcomes. o Burnout arises when demands exceed available resources, causing physical and mental exhaustion. o Early recognition programs and supportive work environments can help manage compassion fatigue. o Resiliency skills are essential for managing stress, conflict, Contemporary Influences on Nursing: Health Care Reform and Costs o Health care reform emphasizes health promotion, disease prevention, and community-based care. o Nurses will need to adapt to changes by improving resource management and patient discharge processes. o Rising health care costs require nurses to deliver quality care efficiently and economically. Contemporary Influences on Nursing: Demographic Changes o The population is aging and becoming more diverse, increasing the demand for expanded health care resources. o By 2030, all baby boomers will be over 65, and by 2044, more than half of the U.S. population will be part of a minority group. o There's a shift from rural to urban areas, with more people living with chronic illnesses and seeking community-based care. Contemporary Influences on Nursing: Medically Underserved o Factors such as unemployment, underemployment, mental illness, homelessness, and rising health care costs contribute to the medically underserved population. o This group faces challenges in accessing care due to social, political, economic, and health literacy barriers. o Increasing numbers of underserved patients require home-based palliative care services. o Low health literacy leads to less participation in Trends in Nursing: Summary Dynamic Nature of Nursing o Nursing evolves with societal changes, health care priorities, technologies, and the profession itself. o Current nursing philosophies have a holistic focus, addressing the whole person in health, illness, family, and community interactions. o Increasing awareness of patient safety Trends in Nursing: Summary Evidence-Based Practice (EBP) · o RNs must make sound clinical judgments based on evidence, not just education or experience. o The public is more informed about health care needs, costs, and medical errors, emphasizing the need for EBP. Health care agencies adopt EBP to control Trends in Nursing: Summary Quality and Safety Education for Nurses (QSEN) o QSEN aims to prepare nurses with knowledge, skills, and attitudes (KSAs) to improve health care quality and safety. o QSEN defines competencies in patient- centered care, safety, and informatics for prelicensure and graduate programs. Trends in Nursing: Summary Emerging Information Technologies o Technologies like EHR, CPOE, and telehealth improve care accuracy, patient data management, and communication. Nurses must understand these technologies to guide patients and enhance care delivery. Trends in Nursing: Summary Genomics o Genomics involves studying all genes and their interactions, impacting health outcomes, quality, safety, and costs. o Nurses play a role in interpreting genomic tests, identifying risk factors, and counseling patients, maintaining confidentiality and cultural sensitivity. Trends in Nursing: Summary Public Perception of Nursing o Nursing is essential for health care delivery, with nurses constituting the largest group of health care professionals. Consumers access health care information through platforms like Hospital Compare and HCAHPS, making informed choices about care. Trends in Nursing: Summary Nursing's Impact on Politics and Health Policy o Nurses increasingly influence politics, advocating for health care improvements and standards through professional organizations. o The ANA promotes high nursing standards, professional development, and equitable health care access. Nurses can influence policy at all levels, Professional Registered Nurse Education Prelicensure Education: o Bachelor’s Degree (BSN/BScN/BN): 4-year program covering sciences, nursing theory, social sciences, arts, and humanities. Graduate Education: o Master’s Degree: Prepares nurses for roles such as educators, administrators, and advanced practice nurses (APRNs) Professional Registered Nurse Education o Doctoral Degrees: § Doctor of Nursing Science (DSN or DNSc): Focuses on applying research in clinical practice. § Doctor of Philosophy (PhD): Emphasizes research and theory development. § Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP): A practice- focused doctorate for APRNs, emphasizing evidence-based practice. Professional Registered Nurse Education Continuing and In-Service Education: o Continuing Education: Offered by various institutions, updates nurses on the latest practices and technologies. In-Service Education: Provided by healthcare agencies to enhance skills and knowledge, often focused on new technologies and safety Nursing Practice Nurse Practice Acts (NPAs): o Regulate the scope of nursing practice, ensuring public safety and defining legal practice limits. o State Boards of Nursing oversee NPAs, which vary slightly by state. Licensure and Certification: o Licensure: All RN candidates must pass the NCLEX-RN, with some state-specific requirements. For Philippine Setting - PNLE Nursing Practice Professional Nursing Organizations · Address issues related to nursing practice and offer specialty-focused support. · Provide educational programs, publish journals, and foster professional development. · Student Organizations: o National Student Nurses’ Association (NSNA) and Canadian Nursing Students’ Association (CNSA) support nursing students Thank you for listening!