Nursing History & Evolution

Study Notes

Nursing History & Evolution

Early 20th century: Nursing practice without a formal title was permitted (1903).
1947: New York mandated nursing licensure.
1950: First nationwide nursing exam.
1965: Medicare and Medicaid established.
1920: Nurses in military roles.
Great Depression: Nurses moved from private to public hospitals.
2002: Johnson & Johnson campaign to enhance nursing image.
2006: ANA defines and addresses "unfamiliar and unusual situations" in nursing.
Florence Nightingale: Founder of modern nursing, instrumental in data collection and establishing the first nursing training school.
Mary Seacole: Jamaican nurse, denied access to Nightingale's school.
ICN: The International Council of Nurses.
American Journal of Nursing, Sophia Palmer 1900.
Graying of America: Increasing elderly population impacting nursing needs.
Human Genome Project: Advancements in understanding health and illness.
Pharmacogenetics: Using genetics to improve drug effectiveness.
Biomedical Technology: Influence of medical machines in treatment.

Nursing Roles & Settings

RN (Registered Nurse) is the largest group of health providers.
APN (Advanced Practice Nurse): Midwives, NPs.
Direct patient care in various settings (hospitals).
Occupational health, informatics, palliative care are other areas.
Magnet program: Encourages nurse input in professional development and decision-making.

Nursing Education & Licensure

4-year BSN (Bachelor of Science in Nursing): Better outcomes in hospitals.
NCLEX: Nursing licensure exam (NCLEX-RN, NCLEX-PN, Next Gen NCLEX).
Nursing Compact License Agreement.
Diploma programs: Earliest nursing education model via medical doctor lectures.
External programs (online)
Accreditation: Voluntary to ensure quality of nursing education.
Accreditation Commission for Education in Nursing (ACEN)
Commission of Collegiate Nursing Education (CCNE)
Doctorate Degrees (DNP, PhD)
Licensure: Mandatory, needed every 2 years for public safety.
Certification: Voluntary for specialties, showing high-level knowledge.
Continuing Education (CE): Maintain expertise through lifelong learning.
ANCC: Manages CE programs and standards.

Nursing Profession vs. Occupation

Profession: Emphasizes intellect and autonomy beyond economic gain.
Occupation: Often involves manual labor, trial-and-error methods, and economic incentives.
Professionalism: Code of ethics defines behavior standards.
Interprofessional Education: Improvements in care coordination and quality.

Nursing Issues & Challenges

Nurses facing push-conditions (high workload, long hours, burnout), and pull factors (low pay, lack of security, limited flexibility).
Issues in RN education: Addressing needs of elderly and chronic patients, teamwork, evidence-based practice, process improvements, and informatics.
Reality shock: Transition from school to job
Burnout
Incivility: Leads to nurse turnover.

Theoretical Frameworks

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs: Physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, and self-actualization.
Cohen Model: Stages of dependence in relationships (unilateral, negative, mutual, interdependence).
Benner's Stages of Nursing Proficiency: Novice to expert (novice, advanced beginner, competent, proficient, expert).

Additional Concepts

ACA (Affordable Care Act of 2010): Prevents denial of health insurance due to pre-existing conditions.
Culture: Affects attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors.
Ethnocentrism: Belief that one's own culture is superior.
Family: Health is a holistic concept (mind, body, spirit)
Nuclear and Extended families.
Scope and Standards of Practice (ANA): Defines a role for RNs.
Code of Ethics (ANA): Provides decision-making guidelines.
Collegiality: Promotes interdependence amongst nurses.
Define Nursing: Establishes boundaries and clarifies the purpose of a RNs role.
Formal and Informal Socialization: How nurses internalize professional culture (purposefully or incidentally).
Why Join ANA: Advocacy and staying current with trends.
Importance of interprofessional education.

Description

Test your knowledge of the major milestones in nursing history, from the early 20th century to the present. Explore key developments such as the establishment of nursing licensure, the impact of Medicare and Medicaid, and influential figures like Florence Nightingale and Mary Seacole. This quiz will enhance your understanding of how nursing has evolved over the years.