Questions and Answers
What type of interaction occurs between a hydrogen atom bonded to an oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine atom?
Hydrogen bonding
Which of the following molecules is likely to have the strongest London dispersion forces?
CO2
What type of force is responsible for holding nucleotide bases together in DNA and RNA?
Hydrogen bonding
Which force of attraction requires considerable energy to break hydrogen bonds?
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Which type of bond results from the sharing of electron pairs between atoms?
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In which category of van der Waal forces do London dispersion forces fall?
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Which type of bond is the weakest of the intermolecular forces?
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What is attracted to the partially negative end of oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine in hydrogen bonding?
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Which type of bond plays a significant role in determining the boiling points and melting points of compounds like water and HF?
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What is the primary focus of tissue engineering?
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Which field involves the regeneration or replacement of damaged tissues using engineered scaffolds and biologically active molecules?
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What is the main focus of biomechanics?
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In structural mechanics, what aspect of living systems is primarily explored?
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How are fluid dynamics important in understanding the mechanical behavior of living systems?
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How can understanding the biomechanics of the knee joint benefit patients with knee injuries or arthritis?
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How can studying bone remodeling mechanics contribute to medical advancements?
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What is the primary focus of fluid dynamics in living organisms?
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How do Newton's laws contribute to understanding muscle contraction and nerve conduction?
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How does the study of action-reaction, force, motion, and energy help in understanding living systems?
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Study Notes
Nuclear Forces
- The strength of nuclear forces can be determined by the binding energy (BE) of a nucleus, which is the energy required to completely disassemble it into separate protons and neutrons.
Intramolecular Forces
- Ionic bond: formed by the complete transfer of valence electron(s) between atoms, resulting in oppositely charged ions.
- Covalent bond:
- Formed between atoms with similar electronegativities, sharing electrons to achieve octet configuration and become more stable.
- Nonpolar covalent bond: formed between same atoms or atoms with very similar electronegativities (difference in electronegativity < 0.5).
- Polar covalent bond: formed when atoms of slightly different electronegativities share electrons (difference in electronegativity between 0.5 and 1.9).
- Metallic Bonding: formed between atoms of metals, with valence electrons free to move through the lattice, attracting positively charged metal ions.
Intermolecular Forces
- Dipole-dipole interactions: occur when partially positively charged part of a molecule interacts with the partially negatively charged part of a neighboring molecule.
- Hydrogen bonding:
- A special kind of dipole-dipole interaction between a hydrogen atom bonded to oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine atom.
- Relatively strong force of attraction between molecules, requiring considerable energy to break hydrogen bonds.
- London dispersion forces (van der Waal forces): weakest intermolecular force, existing between all types of molecules, with strength dependent on the number of electrons.
Mechanical Aspects of Biosystems
- Tissue Engineering: applying engineering and life sciences to develop biological substitutes that restore, maintain, or improve tissue function, with a focus on mechanical properties.
- Biomechanics: studying mechanical laws relating to movement or structure of living organisms, with applications in rehabilitation, sports medicine, and orthopedics.
- Structural Mechanics: studying mechanical behavior of biological structures, such as bones, tendons, and muscles, to understand responses to loads and stresses in the body.
- Fluid Dynamics: studying flow of fluids within living organisms, such as blood or air, to understand movements and forces acting on them.
Application of Newtonian Ideas
- Applying Newton's laws to study behavior of living systems, including concepts of action-reaction, force, motion, and energy, to understand movement and function of organs, muscles, and nerves.
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