Immunology
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following are seasonal diseases?

  • Tick borne encephalitis (correct)
  • Flu (correct)
  • Hepatitis B
  • Syphilis

Which of the following is an adhesion factor?

  • Teichoic acids (correct)
  • Exotoxin
  • Flagella
  • Endospore

A patient develops fever, fatigue, and headache. Which period of infection is this characteristic for?

  • Acme
  • Complication period
  • Incubation period
  • Prodrome (correct)

What inhibits phagocytosis?

<p>Capsule (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is part of inflammation?

<p>Leakage of fluid into tissues (A), Release of cytokines by macrophage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Find the incorrect statement regarding MHC?

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which antibody is most commonly found on mucous membranes and in secretions?

<p>IgA (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cells are able to express MHC-1 molecules?

<p>Epithelial cells (B), Antigen presenting cells (D), Endothelial cells (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Antibodies are:

<p>Proteins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which Ab are produced by delta plasma cells?

<p>IgD (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

After activation Tcyt releases perforins and granzymes to destroy virus-infected cell:

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which molecule presentation process is seen on the picture?

<p>MHC-I (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a secretory antibody?

<p>IgE (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bacterium loses its PBP, which makes it resistant against beta-lactam antibiotics. What type of resistance is described here?

<p>Chromosomal resistance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of vaccines?

<p>Decrease of country's economic burden (A), Protection of human beings from life-threatening diseases (B), Protection of society from dangerous diseases (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of immune response is seen in the picture?

<p>Primary immune response (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following cells take part in cellular immune response?

<p>APC (B), Tcyt (D), Th1 (G)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In case of secondary humoral immune response concentration of IgM is much higher than concentration of IgG.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of B ly activation in case of humoral immune response?

<p>Differentiation of B ly into plasma cells (B), Differentiation of B ly into memory cells (C), Synthesis of Ab (G)</p> Signup and view all the answers

IL-4 is necessary for activation of Th2:

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following cells are involved in humoral immune response?

<p>Th2 (A), Bly (B), Plasma cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

It usually does not lead to death since it is local reaction

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Can be cured by injection of epinephrine

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Typical symptoms include fever, hypertension, headache, difficulties in breathing

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

It belongs to type I hypersensitivity reaction

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Symptoms are caused by Ab attacking host's tissues

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Typical Ag leading to it, are venoms and medications, and sometimes ingested Ag

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about the receptor seen on the picture?

<p>This is MHC-II receptor (B), This is MHC-I receptor (D), Peptide cleft of this receptor can bind 10-20 amino acids (F), Peptide cleft of this receptor can bind approximately 9 amino acids (H)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which type of hypersensitivity all of the following macrophages, NK and C’, are involved?

<p>Type III hypersensitivity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is atopy?

<p>an example of type I hypersensitivity which is described by localized symptoms caused by the release of histamine from mast cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Contact hypersensitivity tuberculin-type hypersensitivity are examples of?

<p>Type IV hypersensitivity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a route of exposure to Ag which can lead to hypersensitivity reaction?

<p>Ingestion of Ag (A), Injection of Ag (B), Inhalation of Ag (C), Direct contact of Ag to skin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these statements about hypersensitivity is WRONG?

<p>It always involves synthesis of increased amount of IgG (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which organ T-ly undergo Ag dependent development?

<p>In thymus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true?

<p>Plasma cells can produce Ab of only one class against one specific Ag (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following signals are necessary to activate Th1?

<p>MHC2 to TcR/CD3 (A), IL12 to IL12 receptor (F)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these CD receptors are found on Th?

<p>CD3 (A), CD28 (B), CD4 (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of hypersensitivity reaction is seen in the picture?

<p>Type III hypersensitivity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of hypersensitivity can be seen in the picture?

<p>Type III hypersensitivity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is a relationship in which one species benefits while other species is harmed called?

<p>Parasitism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of hypersensitivity is shown in the picture?

<p>Type IV hypersensitivity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are involved in type I hypersensitivity?

<p>IgE (B), B ly (E), Mast cells (F)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of type III hypersensitivity?

<p>Serum sickness (A), Glomerulonephritis after streptococcal infection (F)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following types of hypersensitivity involves no Ab production?

<p>Type IV hypersensitivity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following can serve as an Ag and cause hypersensitivity reaction?

<p>Molds (A), Venoms (B), Dander particles (C), Anesthetic agents (e.g. Novacaine) (D), Food (E), Penicillin (F), Pollen (G), Cosmetics (H)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Seasonal Disease Example

Tick-borne encephalitis is a disease that occurs seasonally.

Adhesion Factor

Teichoic acids help bacteria stick to surfaces.

Prodrome Symptoms

Early symptoms of an infection, like fever, fatigue, and headache.

Phagocytosis Inhibitor

Capsules prevent immune cells from engulfing bacteria.

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Inflammation Feature

Fluid leaking into tissues is part of the inflammatory response.

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MHC Incorrect Statement

A statement about MHC (major histocompatibility complex) is wrong.

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Mucous Membrane Antibody

IgA is the antibody primarily found in mucosal secretions.

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MHC-I Expressing Cells

Epithelial cells are capable of expressing MHC-I molecules.

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Antibodies Composition

Antibodies are proteins.

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Delta Plasma Cells Product

IgD are produced by delta plasma cells.

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Cytotoxic T Cell Action

Activated cytotoxic T cells release perforins and granzymes to destroy infected cells.

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MHC-I Presentation

MHC-I molecules present processed intracellular antigens.

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Secretory Antibody

IgE is a secretory antibody, found in body secretions.

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Chromosomal Resistance

Bacteria losing penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) leads to beta-lactam resistance.

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Vaccine Purpose

Vaccines aim to decrease the economic burden of disease.

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Primary Immune Response

The initial immune response to an antigen.

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Cellular Immune Response Agent

Cells involved in cellular immunity are antigen-presenting cells (APCs).

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Secondary Humoral Response IgM/IgG

In secondary humoral response, IgG concentration is higher than IgM concentration.

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B Lymphocyte Activation Result

B lymphocyte activation leads to differentiation into plasma cells.

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Th2 activation factor

IL-4 is required to activate Th2 cells.

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Humoral Immune Response Cell

Th2 cells are involved in humoral immune response.

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Local Reaction vs. Serious Disease

A localized reaction to an antigen usually doesn't cause death.

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Hypersensitivity Treatment

Epinephrine injection can be used to treat some hypersensitivity reactions.

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Symptoms of a Serious Disease

Fever, high blood pressure, difficulty breathing aren't typical hypersensitivity reaction symptoms.

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Study Notes

Seasonal Diseases

  • Flu is a seasonal disease
  • Tick-borne encephalitis is a seasonal disease
  • Hepatitis B and syphilis are not considered seasonal diseases

Adhesion Factor

  • Teichoic acids are adhesion factors

Infectious Period

  • Prodrome is the characteristic period of infection for fever, fatigue, and headache

Phagocytosis Inhibition

  • Lipid A inhibits phagocytosis
  • Capsule inhibits phagocytosis

Seasonal Diseases (Again)

  • Tick-borne encephalitis
  • Flu

Inflammation

  • Activation of toll-like receptors is part of inflammation
  • Antigen presentation to Th1 cells is part of inflammation
  • Release of cytokines by macrophages is part of inflammation
  • Leakage of fluid into tissues is part of inflammation

Antibody on Mucous Membranes

  • IgA is the most commonly found antibody on mucous membranes and in secretions

MHC Molecules

  • MHC class I molecules are expressed by endothelial cells, hepatocytes, and antigen-presenting cells
    • Erythrocytes do not express MHC class I molecules

Antibodies

  • Antibodies are proteins

Complement Components

  • (C3b)2PBb is C3 convertase
  • C5 convertase
  • Opsonin
  • Chemotaxin

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