Immunology Overview Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Plasma cells ________.

have a great deal of rough endoplasmic reticulum reflecting the fact that they secrete a tremendous amount of protein (antibody)

Allergens differ from antigens because ________.

allergens produce an abnormally large immune response to what is an otherwise harmless particle

Vaccines work by ________.

priming the adaptive immunity with a relatively harmless primary exposure

Monoclonal antibodies are used in clinical laboratory diagnosis because they bind to many antigenic determinants.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Activated T cells and macrophages release ________ to mobilize immune cells.

<p>cytokines</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which immunoglobulin class is the most abundant antibody in plasma?

<p>IgG</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following examples below describes an autoimmune disease?

<p>Antibody binding to acetylcholine receptors of the motor end plate resulting in muscle weakness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Fever is thought to be a beneficial response because it makes iron and zinc less available to support bacterial growth.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

First line of defense.

<p>skin and mucous membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Second line of defense.

<p>inflammatory response</p> Signup and view all the answers

Third line of defense.

<p>cellular and humoral immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

Innate defense system.

<p>Inflammatory response and skin and mucous membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Adaptive defense system.

<p>cellular and humoral immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

Membrane attack complex (MAC) kills by ________.

<p>disrupting the selective permeability of a bacteria's plasma membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

Virus-infected cells secrete interferons to warn other cells of the presence of virus.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

The directional movement of cells in response to chemicals is called chemotaxis.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

The redness and heat of an inflamed area are due to a local hyperemia caused by ________.

<p>vasodilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

During inflammation, fluids will passively diffuse out of blood vessels into the nearby infected tissues. This implies all of the following EXCEPT ________.

<p>B-lymphocytes will differentiate to become plasma cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

The nucleotide sequence within the genes that produce B cell receptor and antibodies are reshuffled by a process called somatic recombination.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a role of activated complement?

<p>prevention of immediate hypersensitivity reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

Subacute hypersensitivities are categorically less harmful than acute (immediate) hypersensitivities.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Natural killer cells destroy target cells or pathogens by ingestion and destruction of particulate matter in a process called phagocytosis.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

T helper cells ________.

<p>function in the adaptive immune system activation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Area where B cells become immunocompetent.

<p>bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

Area where T cells become immunocompetent.

<p>thymus</p> Signup and view all the answers

Area where activated immunocompetent B and T cells recirculate.

<p>blood and lymph</p> Signup and view all the answers

Area seeded by immunocompetent B and T cells.

<p>lymph nodes, spleen and other lymph tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

The respiratory burst produced by activated macrophages releases free radicals which are effective at killing pathogens.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is a false or incorrect statement?

<p>After becoming immunocompetent, the naive T cells and B cells are exported to the bone marrow where the encounters with antigens occur.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Soluble proteins secreted by plasma cells are called antibodies.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Enables quick and efficient response to secondary exposure to antigen.

<p>memory cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

Slows or stops the immune response.

<p>regulatory T cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

Kills cancer cells and virus infected body cells.

<p>cytotoxic T cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

Forms antibody producing cells.

<p>B cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

Absence results in no immune response.

<p>helper T cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

B lymphocytes develop immunocompetence in the ________.

<p>bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true of antigens?

<p>Antigens are substances that activate the adaptive immune response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

T cells are differentiated into two groups based on their glycoproteins: CD4 or CD8. Which of the following is true of CD4 T cells?

<p>they become helper T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

A cellular component of the innate defenses includes ________.

<p>natural killer cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

Small molecules that bind with self-proteins to produce antigenic substances are called ________.

<p>haptens</p> Signup and view all the answers

B lymphocytes are categorized as part of the adaptive branch of the immune system for all of the following reasons but one. Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons?

<p>They are a first line of defense that can begin killing pathogens immediately.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true about T cells?

<p>Their proliferation is enhanced by interleukins 1 and 2.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Immediate and subacute hypersensitivities are caused by ________ that trigger the release of ________.

<p>antibodies; histamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is associated with passive immunity?

<p>passage of IgG antibodies from a pregnant mother to her fetus</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true of incomplete antigens (haptens)?

<p>Incomplete antigens are only immunogenic when attached to protein carriers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The primary immune response ________.

<p>has a lag period while B cells proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

B cells respond to the initial antigen challenge by ________.

<p>producing progeny cells that include plasma cells and memory cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

Viral infection will provoke cell mediated immunity but will not activate a humoral response.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of T cell?

<p>antigenic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Tissue rejection after an organ transplant is least likely due to the action of _________.

<p>regulatory T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the statements below does NOT describe antigens?

<p>Antigens only come from microbes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is characteristic of complete antigens?

<p>reactivity with an antibody</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of the inflammatory response?

<p>replaces injured tissues with connective tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

Inflammation ________.

<p>brings more leukocytes to the site of infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

Monoclonal antibodies are used for the diagnosis of all of the following EXCEPT ________.

<p>elevated blood glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

Select the correct statement about antigens.

<p>One antigen may have many different antigenic determinants and may therefore cause the formation of more than one antibody.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Natural killer (NK) cells ________.

<p>can kill cancer cells before the adaptive immune system is activated</p> Signup and view all the answers

Without the positive selection process in lymphocyte maturation ________.

<p>T cells would not be able to properly bind to APC's and therefore not be activated by them</p> Signup and view all the answers

T-cell activation requires ________.

<p>antigen binding and co-stimulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

All of the following are true of the classical pathway of complement activation except one. Select the one answer that does NOT describe the classical pathway of complement activation.

<p>It activates T helper cells by presenting antigen to them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Plasma Cells

  • Plasma cells have extensive rough endoplasmic reticulum for high protein (antibody) secretion.
  • They are crucial in the immune response due to their ability to produce antibodies.

Allergens vs. Antigens

  • Allergens trigger an excessive immune response to typically harmless substances.
  • Differentiating allergens from antigens is important for understanding allergic reactions.

Vaccines

  • Vaccines prime the adaptive immune system by exposing it to a harmless form of an antigen.

Monoclonal Antibodies

  • Monoclonal antibodies do not bind to multiple antigenic determinants, challenging their use in diagnostics.

Immune Cell Communication

  • Activated T cells and macrophages release cytokines to recruit and activate other immune cells.

Immunoglobulin Class

  • IgG is the most prevalent antibody found in plasma, pivotal for immune defense.

Autoimmune Disease Example

  • An autoimmune condition can arise when antibodies bind to acetylcholine receptors, leading to muscle weakness.

Fever Benefits

  • Fever functions as a defense mechanism by sequestering iron and zinc, which are essential for bacterial growth.

Lines of Defense in Immunity

  • The first line of defense consists of skin and mucous membranes.
  • The second line of defense involves the inflammatory response.
  • The third line encompasses cellular and humoral immunity.

Response Mechanisms

  • The innate defense system includes both the inflammatory response and skin/mucous membranes.
  • The adaptive system focuses on specific immune functions through cellular and humoral mechanisms.

Membrane Attack Complex (MAC)

  • The MAC disrupts the selective permeability of bacterial plasma membranes, leading to cell death.

Interferons

  • Interferons produced by infected cells alert neighboring cells to inhibit viral replication.

Chemotaxis

  • The movement of cells towards chemical gradients is called chemotaxis, essential for immune responses.

Inflammation Characteristics

  • Local hyperemia causing redness and heat is due to vasodilation during inflammation.
  • Increased permeability of capillaries allows fluid to leak into infected tissues.

B Cell and Antibody Diversity

  • Somatic recombination generates diverse nucleotide sequences in B cell receptors and antibodies.

Activation of T Cells

  • CD4 T cells differentiate into helper T cells, essential for guiding immune responses.

Antigens

  • Antigens are substances that activate the adaptive immune response, typically containing multiple antigenic determinants.

Memory Cells

  • Memory cells enable rapid response during subsequent exposures to the same antigen.

Helper T Cells' Role

  • Helper T cells are essential for mounting an effective immune response, and their absence results in no immune activation.

Passive Immunity

  • Passage of IgG antibodies from mother to fetus is an example of passive immunity.

Incomplete Antigens (Haptens)

  • Haptens can elicit immune responses only when coupled with larger protein carriers.

Primary Immune Response

  • The initial immune response has a lag period while B cells differentiate before producing antibodies.

Viral Infections

  • Viral infections activate both cell-mediated and humoral immune responses, countering misconceptions that suggest otherwise.

Inflammatory Response

  • The inflammatory response enhances leukocyte recruitment to sites of infection and is vital for healing.

Natural Killer Cells

  • NK cells are a vital part of innate immunity, killing cancer and infected cells before adaptive immunity is fully engaged.

T Cell Activation

  • T cell activation necessitates both antigen binding and co-stimulation to proceed effectively.

Classical Pathway of Complement Activation

  • The classical pathway enhances inflammation and opsonization but does not activate T cells by presenting antigens to them.

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Description

Test your knowledge on key concepts in immunology, including the functions of plasma cells, the difference between allergens and antigens, and the role of vaccines in immune response. Explore the importance of monoclonal antibodies and cytokine communication in the immune system.

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