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Questions and Answers
Questions and Answers
Plasma cells ________.
Plasma cells ________.
have a great deal of rough endoplasmic reticulum reflecting the fact that they secrete a tremendous amount of protein (antibody)
Allergens differ from antigens because ________.
Allergens differ from antigens because ________.
allergens produce an abnormally large immune response to what is an otherwise harmless particle
Vaccines work by ________.
Vaccines work by ________.
priming the adaptive immunity with a relatively harmless primary exposure
Monoclonal antibodies are used in clinical laboratory diagnosis because they bind to many antigenic determinants.
Monoclonal antibodies are used in clinical laboratory diagnosis because they bind to many antigenic determinants.
Activated T cells and macrophages release ________ to mobilize immune cells.
Activated T cells and macrophages release ________ to mobilize immune cells.
Which immunoglobulin class is the most abundant antibody in plasma?
Which immunoglobulin class is the most abundant antibody in plasma?
Which of the following examples below describes an autoimmune disease?
Which of the following examples below describes an autoimmune disease?
Fever is thought to be a beneficial response because it makes iron and zinc less available to support bacterial growth.
Fever is thought to be a beneficial response because it makes iron and zinc less available to support bacterial growth.
First line of defense.
First line of defense.
Second line of defense.
Second line of defense.
Third line of defense.
Third line of defense.
Innate defense system.
Innate defense system.
Adaptive defense system.
Adaptive defense system.
Membrane attack complex (MAC) kills by ________.
Membrane attack complex (MAC) kills by ________.
Virus-infected cells secrete interferons to warn other cells of the presence of virus.
Virus-infected cells secrete interferons to warn other cells of the presence of virus.
The directional movement of cells in response to chemicals is called chemotaxis.
The directional movement of cells in response to chemicals is called chemotaxis.
The redness and heat of an inflamed area are due to a local hyperemia caused by ________.
The redness and heat of an inflamed area are due to a local hyperemia caused by ________.
During inflammation, fluids will passively diffuse out of blood vessels into the nearby infected tissues. This implies all of the following EXCEPT ________.
During inflammation, fluids will passively diffuse out of blood vessels into the nearby infected tissues. This implies all of the following EXCEPT ________.
The nucleotide sequence within the genes that produce B cell receptor and antibodies are reshuffled by a process called somatic recombination.
The nucleotide sequence within the genes that produce B cell receptor and antibodies are reshuffled by a process called somatic recombination.
Which of the following is NOT a role of activated complement?
Which of the following is NOT a role of activated complement?
Subacute hypersensitivities are categorically less harmful than acute (immediate) hypersensitivities.
Subacute hypersensitivities are categorically less harmful than acute (immediate) hypersensitivities.
Natural killer cells destroy target cells or pathogens by ingestion and destruction of particulate matter in a process called phagocytosis.
Natural killer cells destroy target cells or pathogens by ingestion and destruction of particulate matter in a process called phagocytosis.
T helper cells ________.
T helper cells ________.
Area where B cells become immunocompetent.
Area where B cells become immunocompetent.
Area where T cells become immunocompetent.
Area where T cells become immunocompetent.
Area where activated immunocompetent B and T cells recirculate.
Area where activated immunocompetent B and T cells recirculate.
Area seeded by immunocompetent B and T cells.
Area seeded by immunocompetent B and T cells.
The respiratory burst produced by activated macrophages releases free radicals which are effective at killing pathogens.
The respiratory burst produced by activated macrophages releases free radicals which are effective at killing pathogens.
Which of the following statements is a false or incorrect statement?
Which of the following statements is a false or incorrect statement?
Soluble proteins secreted by plasma cells are called antibodies.
Soluble proteins secreted by plasma cells are called antibodies.
Enables quick and efficient response to secondary exposure to antigen.
Enables quick and efficient response to secondary exposure to antigen.
Slows or stops the immune response.
Slows or stops the immune response.
Kills cancer cells and virus infected body cells.
Kills cancer cells and virus infected body cells.
Forms antibody producing cells.
Forms antibody producing cells.
Absence results in no immune response.
Absence results in no immune response.
B lymphocytes develop immunocompetence in the ________.
B lymphocytes develop immunocompetence in the ________.
Which of the following is true of antigens?
Which of the following is true of antigens?
T cells are differentiated into two groups based on their glycoproteins: CD4 or CD8. Which of the following is true of CD4 T cells?
T cells are differentiated into two groups based on their glycoproteins: CD4 or CD8. Which of the following is true of CD4 T cells?
A cellular component of the innate defenses includes ________.
A cellular component of the innate defenses includes ________.
Small molecules that bind with self-proteins to produce antigenic substances are called ________.
Small molecules that bind with self-proteins to produce antigenic substances are called ________.
B lymphocytes are categorized as part of the adaptive branch of the immune system for all of the following reasons but one. Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons?
B lymphocytes are categorized as part of the adaptive branch of the immune system for all of the following reasons but one. Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons?
Which statement is true about T cells?
Which statement is true about T cells?
Immediate and subacute hypersensitivities are caused by ________ that trigger the release of ________.
Immediate and subacute hypersensitivities are caused by ________ that trigger the release of ________.
Which of the following is associated with passive immunity?
Which of the following is associated with passive immunity?
Which of the following is true of incomplete antigens (haptens)?
Which of the following is true of incomplete antigens (haptens)?
The primary immune response ________.
The primary immune response ________.
B cells respond to the initial antigen challenge by ________.
B cells respond to the initial antigen challenge by ________.
Viral infection will provoke cell mediated immunity but will not activate a humoral response.
Viral infection will provoke cell mediated immunity but will not activate a humoral response.
Which of the following is NOT a type of T cell?
Which of the following is NOT a type of T cell?
Tissue rejection after an organ transplant is least likely due to the action of _________.
Tissue rejection after an organ transplant is least likely due to the action of _________.
Which of the statements below does NOT describe antigens?
Which of the statements below does NOT describe antigens?
Which of the following is characteristic of complete antigens?
Which of the following is characteristic of complete antigens?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the inflammatory response?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the inflammatory response?
Inflammation ________.
Inflammation ________.
Monoclonal antibodies are used for the diagnosis of all of the following EXCEPT ________.
Monoclonal antibodies are used for the diagnosis of all of the following EXCEPT ________.
Select the correct statement about antigens.
Select the correct statement about antigens.
Natural killer (NK) cells ________.
Natural killer (NK) cells ________.
Without the positive selection process in lymphocyte maturation ________.
Without the positive selection process in lymphocyte maturation ________.
T-cell activation requires ________.
T-cell activation requires ________.
All of the following are true of the classical pathway of complement activation except one. Select the one answer that does NOT describe the classical pathway of complement activation.
All of the following are true of the classical pathway of complement activation except one. Select the one answer that does NOT describe the classical pathway of complement activation.
Questions and Answers
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Flashcards
Flashcards
Plasma Cells
Plasma Cells
Immune cells that produce antibodies for fighting infections.
Allergens
Allergens
Substances causing an excessive immune response.
Antigens
Antigens
Substances that trigger the immune response.
Vaccines
Vaccines
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Monoclonal Antibodies
Monoclonal Antibodies
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Immune Cell Communication
Immune Cell Communication
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IgG
IgG
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Autoimmune Disease
Autoimmune Disease
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Fever Benefits
Fever Benefits
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First Line of Defense
First Line of Defense
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Second Line of Defense
Second Line of Defense
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Third Line of Defense
Third Line of Defense
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Innate Immune Response
Innate Immune Response
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Adaptive Immune Response
Adaptive Immune Response
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Membrane Attack Complex (MAC)
Membrane Attack Complex (MAC)
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Interferons
Interferons
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Chemotaxis
Chemotaxis
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Inflammation
Inflammation
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B Cell Diversity
B Cell Diversity
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T Cell Activation
T Cell Activation
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Memory Cells
Memory Cells
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Helper T Cells
Helper T Cells
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Passive Immunity
Passive Immunity
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Haptens
Haptens
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Primary Immune Response
Primary Immune Response
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Flashcards
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Study Notes
Study Notes
Plasma Cells
- Plasma cells have extensive rough endoplasmic reticulum for high protein (antibody) secretion.
- They are crucial in the immune response due to their ability to produce antibodies.
Allergens vs. Antigens
- Allergens trigger an excessive immune response to typically harmless substances.
- Differentiating allergens from antigens is important for understanding allergic reactions.
Vaccines
- Vaccines prime the adaptive immune system by exposing it to a harmless form of an antigen.
Monoclonal Antibodies
- Monoclonal antibodies do not bind to multiple antigenic determinants, challenging their use in diagnostics.
Immune Cell Communication
- Activated T cells and macrophages release cytokines to recruit and activate other immune cells.
Immunoglobulin Class
- IgG is the most prevalent antibody found in plasma, pivotal for immune defense.
Autoimmune Disease Example
- An autoimmune condition can arise when antibodies bind to acetylcholine receptors, leading to muscle weakness.
Fever Benefits
- Fever functions as a defense mechanism by sequestering iron and zinc, which are essential for bacterial growth.
Lines of Defense in Immunity
- The first line of defense consists of skin and mucous membranes.
- The second line of defense involves the inflammatory response.
- The third line encompasses cellular and humoral immunity.
Response Mechanisms
- The innate defense system includes both the inflammatory response and skin/mucous membranes.
- The adaptive system focuses on specific immune functions through cellular and humoral mechanisms.
Membrane Attack Complex (MAC)
- The MAC disrupts the selective permeability of bacterial plasma membranes, leading to cell death.
Interferons
- Interferons produced by infected cells alert neighboring cells to inhibit viral replication.
Chemotaxis
- The movement of cells towards chemical gradients is called chemotaxis, essential for immune responses.
Inflammation Characteristics
- Local hyperemia causing redness and heat is due to vasodilation during inflammation.
- Increased permeability of capillaries allows fluid to leak into infected tissues.
B Cell and Antibody Diversity
- Somatic recombination generates diverse nucleotide sequences in B cell receptors and antibodies.
Activation of T Cells
- CD4 T cells differentiate into helper T cells, essential for guiding immune responses.
Antigens
- Antigens are substances that activate the adaptive immune response, typically containing multiple antigenic determinants.
Memory Cells
- Memory cells enable rapid response during subsequent exposures to the same antigen.
Helper T Cells' Role
- Helper T cells are essential for mounting an effective immune response, and their absence results in no immune activation.
Passive Immunity
- Passage of IgG antibodies from mother to fetus is an example of passive immunity.
Incomplete Antigens (Haptens)
- Haptens can elicit immune responses only when coupled with larger protein carriers.
Primary Immune Response
- The initial immune response has a lag period while B cells differentiate before producing antibodies.
Viral Infections
- Viral infections activate both cell-mediated and humoral immune responses, countering misconceptions that suggest otherwise.
Inflammatory Response
- The inflammatory response enhances leukocyte recruitment to sites of infection and is vital for healing.
Natural Killer Cells
- NK cells are a vital part of innate immunity, killing cancer and infected cells before adaptive immunity is fully engaged.
T Cell Activation
- T cell activation necessitates both antigen binding and co-stimulation to proceed effectively.
Classical Pathway of Complement Activation
- The classical pathway enhances inflammation and opsonization but does not activate T cells by presenting antigens to them.
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