نظام معالجة المعلومات

Course Title and Number

• Course Title: Educational Psychology Applications
• Course Number: 9

Academic Year

• Academic Year: 2024-2024

Lecture Objectives

• Understand Information Processing Theory
• Identify key assumptions of Information Processing Theory
• Define types of memory
• Compare characteristics of each type of memory

Introduction to Memory

• Memory is crucial to various psychological processes
• Memory is an active system that receives, encodes, organizes, stores, and retrieves information.
• Memory plays a key role in learning, perception, and interaction with the physical and social environment.
• Memory impairment can hinder these processes.
• Definition of Memory (by various authors):
  • Steinberg defines memory as the process of recalling past information to be used in the present.
  • Al-Atoum defines it as the scientific study of receiving, encoding, storing, and retrieving information when needed.
  • Malham defines it as the mental process of recording, storing, and recalling past experiences.

Information Processing Theory

• A modern cognitive theory that differs from older ones
• It aims to explain the mechanisms and role of cognitive processes in information processing and behaviour.
• Behaviour isn't just responses to stimuli (as in associationism), but an outcome of cognitive processes between stimulus and response.

Key Assumptions of Information Processing Theory

• Active Learner: Individuals actively seek and process information, not passively receiving it. Using prior knowledge helps create cognitive representations that guide behaviour.
• Focus on Cognitive Processes: Emphasizes cognitive processes rather than just the response itself. Responses are outcomes of a series of cognitive processes, not just automatic responses to stimuli.
• Multi-Stage Processing: Information undergoes changes in form during several sequential stages. This process is aimed at achieving a particular goal.
• Hierarchical Processing: Higher-level cognitive processes (reasoning, language, problem-solving) are built from simple sub-processes. These include features extraction, short-term memory storage and retrieval, retrieving information from long-term memory, comparing information to other information, and transforming information into representations according to specific rules.

Information Processing Stages

• Encoding in memory: Process of transforming sensory information into a form suitable for storage.
• Storage in memory: Process of retaining information in memory
• Retrieval from memory: Process of accessing and bringing stored information into consciousness when needed. These stages occur consciously or unconsciously.

Components of Information Processing Model

• Sensory memory, short-term (working) memory, long-term memory.
• Input: information received through sensory channels.
• Processing: Information is encoded, stored, and retrieved.
• Output: behaviour based on processed information.

Memory Systems

• Sensory Memory: Initial, brief stage of memory
• Short Term Memory (STM): Limited capacity and short duration memory
• Working Memory: temporary storage of information necessary for cognitive tasks- Involves actively maintaining and manipulating information.
• Long Term Memory (LTM): Stores information for extended periods.

Retrieval Techniques

• Retrieval: Retrieving information from LTM.
• Retrieval tasks:
  • Recall: Retrieving information without cues.
  • Recognition: Identifying learned information from a group of options.
  • Relearning: Learning material a second time, typically faster than the first time.

Memory Characteristics

• Capacity: Amount of information stored at any one time
• Duration: Time information can be maintained
• Encoding: Format for storing the information
• Types of Information (visual, auditory, semantic)

Factors Affecting Memory

• Attention: Focusing on specific stimuli.
• Relevance: Significance of information to the individual.
• Emotional state: Influence on encoding and retrieval.
• Prior knowledge: Existing knowledge that affects interpretation.
• Interference: New or old information that disrupts memory.

Strategies to Enhance Memory

• Spaced repetition: Reviewing material at increasing intervals.
• Mnemonics (memory aids): Techniques to improve recall.
• Elaboration: Connecting new information to existing knowledge.
• Visual imagery: Creating mental images of material.
• Dual coding theory: Combining verbal and visual representations.

Memory and the Brain

• Different brain regions play specific roles in memory
• Cerebral cortex: Often involved in declarative memories.
• Amygdala: Processes emotional memories.
• Hippocampus: Crucial for encoding new declarative memories.
• Cerebellum: Plays a role in procedural memories.

Applications in Education

• Instructional strategies: Enhancing memory through methods such as repetition and elaboration.
• Designing engaging materials: Using visuals, active learning, and real-world connections to improve memory.

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