PS2111: Information Processing and Cognition

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary role of the neocortex in the standard consolidation theory?

Retrieval of semantic information from long-term memory

Initial acquisition of sensory information

Permanent storage of fully consolidated long-term memories (correct)

Temporarily storing long-term memories

During which stage of memory processing are memory traces created from incoming information?

Retrieval

Storage

Encoding (correct)

Consolidation

What is the term for the process of stabilizing memory over a period of time after it is initially acquired?

Memory Retrieval

Memory Encoding

Memory Storage

Memory Consolidation (correct)

What is the primary role of the hippocampus in the standard consolidation theory?

Temporary storage of long-term memories Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the acquisition stage in the formation of memory?

To create a brief, fragile representation of information Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between semantic and episodic memory?

They interact although they might involve separate systems Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of memory according to Squire (2009)?

Encoding, storing, and retrieving information Signup and view all the answers

What is the capacity of the short-term store according to Atkinson & Shiffrin (1968)?

Very limited capacity Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between short-term memory and long-term memory?

Short-term memory is temporary, while long-term memory is permanent Signup and view all the answers

According to Atkinson & Shiffrin (1968), what is the function of sensory stores?

Initial processing of environmental stimuli Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of chunking in the short-term store?

To increase the capacity of short-term memory Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between learning and memory?

Memory is the result of learning Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which information is lost from short-term memory according to the multi-store model?

Displacement by new information Signup and view all the answers

What is the main limitation of Atkinson and Shiffrin's multi-store model?

It oversimplifies the cognitive processes involved in memory Signup and view all the answers

What type of memory is involved in the intentional retrieval of facts and events?

Declarative memory Signup and view all the answers

According to the multiple memory systems approach, what is the primary distinction between declarative and non-declarative memory?

The level of conscious awareness Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of rehearsal in the multi-store model?

To transfer information from short-term to long-term memory Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary criticism of the idea that all information stored in short-term memory is equal?

It is too simplistic Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Introduction to Memory

Memory is the faculty or ability to retain information or representations of past experiences based on the mental process of learning.
Memory has three primary functions: encoding, storing, and retrieving information.

Atkinson & Shiffrin's Multi-Store Model

Sensory stores (sensory memory) involve initial processing of environmental stimuli, with very brief retention of sensory information (~1000ms).
Short-term store (short-term memory/working memory) has a very limited capacity, but can be expanded through chunking.
Long-term store (long-term memory) retains information for a very long time, with unlimited storage capacity, and differs from short-term store in terms of capacity, durability, and susceptibility to interference.

Criticisms of Atkinson & Shiffrin's Model

The model is too oversimplified, assuming that short-term store is a gateway between sensory stores and long-term stores.
It assumes that all items stored in short-term memory are equal and that most information rehearsed in short-term store is transferred to long-term store.
It also assumes that forgetting from short-term store is only due to displacement.

Multiple Memory Systems Approach

Declarative memory (explicit memory) involves intentional retrieval of events (episodic memory) and facts (semantic memory).
Non-declarative memory (implicit memory) involves performance, skills, and conditioning, and does not require conscious retrieval.

Memory Consolidation

Memory consolidation is the process of stabilizing memory over time after it is initially acquired.
It occurs at both cellular and system levels, with cellular consolidation involving synaptic consolidation and system consolidation involving the hippocampus.
The standard consolidation theory suggests that the neocortex is responsible for storing long-term memories that are fully consolidated.

Episodic and Semantic Memory

Episodic memory involves the recollection of specific events and experiences, while semantic memory involves the storage of general knowledge and facts.
Semantic memory could be the residue of many episodes, and semantic and episodic memory clearly interact, although they might involve separate systems.

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Description

Learn about the different stages of memory, including encoding, storage, and retrieval, in the context of information processing and cognition.

PS2111: Information Processing and Cognition - Memory Stages

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