17 Questions
What is the best way to demonstrate the importance of environment in studying human behavior?
Genetically sensitive designs
What do genetically sensitive designs enable researchers to do?
Disentangle genetic and environmental effects
Why do shared environmental effects often decrease over time?
They have different impacts on different people
What does the nonshared environment primarily account for in terms of individual differences in behavior?
Most individual differences in psychological traits and behaviors
What is the main limitation when trying to study nonshared environmental factors?
They are understudied
What are shared environmental effects in twin and adoption designs?
Factors that make family members similar to each other, beyond genetic relatedness
What is the key finding about shared environmental effects in twin studies?
Shared environmental effects are often very small.
How does little shared environmental contribution to variance impact the importance of factors like parenting or neighborhood?
It implies the need to study the effects of differential parenting within a family.
When do nonshared environmental effects come into play in twin studies?
Nonshared environmental effects are evident when MZ resemblance is not 100%.
What are some examples of nonshared environmental factors in twin studies?
Examples include substance use, different educational attainments, and prenatal environment.
How can nonshared environmental risk and protective factors be identified in twin studies?
By choosing measures sensitive to individual differences and focusing on individual-specific measures.
What is the main reason for differences between MZ twins in twin studies?
Differences between MZ twins are due to nonshared environmental factors.
What are some possible causes of the 'Missing nonshared environment'?
Many influences are unsystematic and/or unstable, Some influences vary across stages of development
Why is progress in identifying nonshared environmental factors slow?
Progress is slow due to the difficulty in identifying unsystematic and unstable influences, as well as variations in influences across stages of development.
How can measures of the environment show significant heritability?
Measures of the environment can show significant heritability by evoking reactions in others, reacting differently to experiences, and actively choosing environments.
What are some ways in which measures of the environment can show substantial heritability?
Evoke reactions in others, React differently to experiences, Actively choose environments
How do some influences vary across stages of development?
Some influences vary across stages of development due to the dynamic nature of environmental factors that impact individuals at different points in their growth.
Explore the concept of nonshared environmental factors in behavioral genetics, including measuring exposure and its relation to differences in phenotypes. Learn about the challenges in identifying and understanding these factors.
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