Non-experimental and Quasi-experimental Research
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What characterizes quasi-experimental designs?

  • They manipulate independent variables without any external threats.
  • They require random assignment of participants to conditions.
  • They are always superior to non-experimental designs.
  • They lack a control group or random assignment. (correct)

    • Which of the following is a weakness of one group post-test design?

  • It includes a comparison group.
  • It compares multiple groups over time.
  • It utilizes random assignment.
  • It cannot assess the effect of the treatment with a control group. (correct)

    • What does the time-lagged design aim to eliminate?

  • The use of nonequivalent groups in study design.
  • Bidirectionality in the relationships between variables. (correct)
  • The possibility of having control over independent variables.
  • The need for continuous variables to be measured.

    • What is a disadvantage of using correlational studies?

    <p>They may draw incorrect conclusions about relationships.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What feature distinguishes the pretest-posttest nonequivalent groups design?

    <p>It measures the dependent variable before and after treatment in different groups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern with direct replications in research?

    <p>They are only based on specific studies and may not generalize.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is considered a questionable research practice (QRP)?

    <p>Selective reporting of significant findings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the Reproducibility Project is accurate?

    <p>Only half of the key results were replicated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the concept of publication bias refer to?

    <p>The tendency to publish positive results more than negative ones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of open science in the research process?

    <p>To enhance transparency and accountability in scientific research.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are social priming studies considered difficult to replicate?

    <p>They often result from academic pressures that lead to compromised methods.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following metrics is NOT relevant to assessing effect size claims?

    <p>P-hacking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary risk associated with within-subjects research?

    <p>Order effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is systematic empiricism?

    <p>Learning from carefully planned, recorded, and analyzed observations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method can be used to minimize order effects in experiments?

    <p>Counterbalancing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of internal validity in an experiment?

    <p>Controlling for extraneous variables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'Pygmalion Effect' refer to in research?

    <p>Participants’ behaviors influenced by researcher expectations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of correlation indicates the absolute connection between two variables?

    <p>Spurious correlation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In double-blind studies, what does it mean for both the researcher and participants?

    <p>They do not know the condition or hypothesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'reproducibility' in research signify?

    <p>The ability of independent scientists to replicate findings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does statistical validity entail in a study?

    <p>Drawing suitable conclusions from the data set</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of conceptual replication in research?

    <p>Applying different methods to address a general idea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which measure of central tendency is most appropriate for skewed data?

    <p>Median</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using scatterplots in data analysis?

    <p>To visualize the relationship between two or more continuous variables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What constitutes an artifact in data analysis?

    <p>A misleading aspect of data analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of random assignment in experimental design?

    <p>To provide each participant an equal chance of being assigned to any condition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is considered a confounding variable?

    <p>An extraneous variable that systematically varies with the independent variable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the placebo effect?

    <p>The beneficial effect of an inert substance due to participant belief</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes the nocebo effect?

    <p>The negative outcomes from an inactive substance believed to be harmful</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key advantage of using block randomization in experiments?

    <p>It ensures that all conditions occur before any are repeated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by effect size in statistical analyses?

    <p>The degree to which the independent variable affects the dependent variable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of data visualization is best for summarizing frequency claims?

    <p>Histograms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of switching replication design in experiments?

    <p>One group receives treatment while the other does not at different times.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the term 'cell' in a factorial design?

    <p>A unique combination of levels of the independent variables.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary focus of applied behavioral analysis?

    <p>Investigating how rewards and punishments affect behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of data is represented in a histogram?

    <p>Continuous data measured on an interval or ratio scale.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a bimodal distribution indicate?

    <p>Two values occur most frequently in the dataset.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor must be true for an interaction effect to occur in a factorial design?

    <p>The effect of one variable depends on the level of another variable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary objective of case studies in research?

    <p>To gain in-depth insights about specific individuals or groups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When analyzing data, what must be established before testing a hypothesis?

    <p>Baseline measurements and data summary.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do the 25th and 75th percentiles define in the context of data analysis?

    <p>They create the interquartile range (IQR).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of participant observation?

    <p>The researcher integrates into the group being studied.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of mixed methods research?

    <p>To utilize diverse methods for comprehensive investigation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does participant reactivity affect behavioral observation?

    <p>It can cause participants to alter their behavior due to awareness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'central tendency' refer to in statistics?

    <p>The typical or average value in a dataset.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what scenario would a mixed-factorial design be utilized?

    <p>When both within-subjects and between-subjects designs are present.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Non-experimental and Quasi-experimental Research

    • Non-experimental research is useful when variables cannot be manipulated. Correlational studies provide evidence, but be cautious about causal inferences. Quasi-experiments resemble experiments but lack random assignment or control groups.
    • One-group post-test design involves a treatment followed by a single post-test measurement. It has low internal validity.
    • One-group pretest-posttest design measures the dependent variable before and after treatment in a single group. Alternative explanations still threaten internal validity.
    • Interrupted time series design tracks DV measurements over time, interrupted by a treatment. It's hard to eliminate alternative explanations.
    • Nonequivalent groups design compares groups without random assignment, both post-test and pretest-posttest versions.
    • Switching replication design controls for time effects with replication. Treatment removal design allows to see effects of removing treatments.
    • Factorial design: more than 1 IV, and main & interaction effects can occur.
    • Factor: each IV. Interactions occur when the effect of one IV depends on the level of another.
    • Main effects: the effect of one IV on DV.

    Qualitative Research Methods

    • Case studies use in-depth investigation of a single individual or group. They offer rich detail but have weak internal and external validity.
    • Small N designs focus intensely on a small number of participants, prioritizing internal validity but sacrificing generalizability.
    • Qualitative design uses non-numerical methods to systematically collect and analyze data.
    • Interviews (structured, unstructured, semi-structured) and focus groups are common data collection methods in qualitative research, yielding in-depth information.

    Mixed Methods Research

    • Mixed methods research combines qualitative and quantitative approaches. This can help address research questions more fully.

    Quantitative Research Methods

    • Surveys collect data from a larger sample but lack in-depth information, using open-ended and closed questions.
    • Archival research analyzes pre-existing data like documents or records, which can be quantitative or qualitative.
    • Data presentation: visually depicting data using bar graphs, histograms, and box plots, to highlight trends and patterns.
    • Central tendency: measures like mode, median, and mean describe the distribution's central value.
    • Spread: measures like range, IQR (Interquartile Range), and standard deviation describe the data's variability.
    • Distributions: probability distributions and normal distributions describe the chances of certain values occurring based on mean and variability.

    Experimental Design Strategies

    • Independent, Dependent variables: Researchers manipulate independent variables and measure dependent variables.
    • Randomization/Block Randomization: crucial elements to reduce bias in experimental design. They create equivalence between conditions.
    • Matched-group randomization: matching participants on relevant traits or characteristics ensures comparable groups.

    Data Analysis and Interpretation

    • Between-subjects design: each participant experiences only one condition.
    • Within-subjects design: each participant experiences all conditions. This method can be time-consuming or experience order effects.
    • Counterbalancing is used to control for order effects in within-subjects designs.

    Describing Data

    • Categorical data (nominal or ordinal) is described with frequency tables or bar graphs.
    • Continuous data (interval or ratio) is described with frequency tables, histograms, or box plots to display numerical values.

    Conclusion Validity and Generalizability

    • Spurious correlations: relationships where a confounder variable is the cause of the apparent association between 2 variables.
    • Moderation: a 3rd variable that changes the association between the predictor and outcome variable. It is a special kind of association claim.

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    Research Methods Cheat Sheet PDF

    Description

    Explore the nuances of non-experimental and quasi-experimental research designs. Understand how these approaches differ from traditional experiments and the implications of using various designs such as one-group post-test and interrupted time series. Dive into the complexities of internal validity and causal inferences.

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