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Questions and Answers
When does meconium most often pass in a newborn?
When does meconium most often pass in a newborn?
How many times do the glands of the gastric mucosa form and increase in size as a child grows?
How many times do the glands of the gastric mucosa form and increase in size as a child grows?
What are "Bish's lumps" in young children?
What are "Bish's lumps" in young children?
Which acid maintains a slightly acidic reaction in the stomach of a newborn?
Which acid maintains a slightly acidic reaction in the stomach of a newborn?
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What is the primary component found in the gallbladder of young children?
What is the primary component found in the gallbladder of young children?
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At what age does the lipase level reach the adult level?
At what age does the lipase level reach the adult level?
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What does the lipase in breast milk mainly contribute to the absorption of?
What does the lipase in breast milk mainly contribute to the absorption of?
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At what age do newborns have a large secretion of saliva?
At what age do newborns have a large secretion of saliva?
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What is the predominant type of intestinal flora in a baby?
What is the predominant type of intestinal flora in a baby?
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What is the largest gland in a child's body?
What is the largest gland in a child's body?
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A newborn, on the 3-4th day of life, typically exhibits a change in the chemical composition of their urine. Which of the following changes is most commonly observed?
A newborn, on the 3-4th day of life, typically exhibits a change in the chemical composition of their urine. Which of the following changes is most commonly observed?
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What is the normal relative density of urine in a newborn?
What is the normal relative density of urine in a newborn?
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What is the normal range for leukocytes at birth in a newborn?
What is the normal range for leukocytes at birth in a newborn?
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Which of the following is NOT a morphological feature of the kidney in a newborn?
Which of the following is NOT a morphological feature of the kidney in a newborn?
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Which of the following is NOT a functional feature of the kidneys?
Which of the following is NOT a functional feature of the kidneys?
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At what age does glomerular filtration reach the adult level?
At what age does glomerular filtration reach the adult level?
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How does the filtration capacity of the kidneys in children compare to that of adults?
How does the filtration capacity of the kidneys in children compare to that of adults?
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Where is the renal pelvis located in young children?
Where is the renal pelvis located in young children?
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What are the defining characteristics of the muscular system in a newborn?
What are the defining characteristics of the muscular system in a newborn?
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Which of the following factors contribute to the tendency of infants to cool and overheat easily?
Which of the following factors contribute to the tendency of infants to cool and overheat easily?
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Why are bones in young children less fragile than in adults?
Why are bones in young children less fragile than in adults?
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Which of the following bone tissues is formed by chondral osteogenesis?
Which of the following bone tissues is formed by chondral osteogenesis?
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How are ribs attached to the sternum in newborns?
How are ribs attached to the sternum in newborns?
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What are the reasons for a more frequent pulse in children?
What are the reasons for a more frequent pulse in children?
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When does the anatomical closure of the arterial duct occur in most children?
When does the anatomical closure of the arterial duct occur in most children?
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What are the reasons for the shunt through the oval window to stop functioning?
What are the reasons for the shunt through the oval window to stop functioning?
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At what ages does blood pressure increase most rapidly in children?
At what ages does blood pressure increase most rapidly in children?
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How does blood pressure in the lower extremities compare to that in the upper extremities?
How does blood pressure in the lower extremities compare to that in the upper extremities?
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What is the typical shape of a newborn's heart?
What is the typical shape of a newborn's heart?
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What is the normal heart rate for a newborn?
What is the normal heart rate for a newborn?
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What is the normal heart rate for a 5-year-old child per minute?
What is the normal heart rate for a 5-year-old child per minute?
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How is blood pressure (mm Hg) calculated in children over 1 year old?
How is blood pressure (mm Hg) calculated in children over 1 year old?
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Which of the following describes the functional nature of systolic murmur?
Which of the following describes the functional nature of systolic murmur?
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What is physiological tachycardia in a newborn associated with?
What is physiological tachycardia in a newborn associated with?
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What is low blood pressure in young children primarily due to?
What is low blood pressure in young children primarily due to?
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During intrauterine development, at what stage does the formation of the interventricular septum occur?
During intrauterine development, at what stage does the formation of the interventricular septum occur?
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How does the size of a newborn's heart compare to that of an adult?
How does the size of a newborn's heart compare to that of an adult?
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When does the differentiation of the parts of the heart end?
When does the differentiation of the parts of the heart end?
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What is percussion?
What is percussion?
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What can be measured using spirometry?
What can be measured using spirometry?
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Study Notes
Newborn Physiology
- Meconium passage: Meconium most often passes in a newborn within the first 12 hours, but sometimes up to 72 hours.
- Gastric mucosa growth: The glands of the gastric mucosa increase in size about 5 times as the child grows.
- Newborn stomach acidity: The stomach maintains a slightly acidic reaction, maintained by hydrochloric acid.
- Gallbladder content: A newborn's gallbladder contains relatively low amounts of taurocholic and glycocholic acids, but predominantly cholesterol and small amounts of mucin.
- Lipase level: The lipase level reaches adult levels around age 17.
Newborn Blood and Urine
- Normal newborn blood count: A newborn's normal leukocyte count is 10-20x10^9/L.
- Urine composition shifts: Normally, newborns show changes in urine chemical composition on days 3-4, including increased chlorides and phosphates.
- Normal urine specific gravity: Normal urine specific gravity in newborns is typically between 1002-1004.
Newborn Kidneys and Development
- Kidney morphology: Newborn kidneys have weak vascularization and a relatively well-developed cortex compared to underdeveloped medulla.
- Glomerular filtration: Glomerular filtration rate reaches adult levels by age 5.
- Kidney function in children: Filtration capacity in children decreases slightly as they age, without reaching adult levels until 17 years old.
Newborn Physical Features
- Milk teeth eruption: The formula for milk tooth eruption is 2n-4 in newborns.
- Bone age determination: Bone age is assessed via X-rays of the hands, evaluating bone development.
- Physiological jaundice: Physiological jaundice occurs due to the physiological destruction of erythrocytes.
Newborn Nervous System
- Reflexes: A Moro reflex is present in newborns, involving head and limb movement when startled or losing support.
- Blood pressure differences: Blood pressure in lower extremities and upper extremities can be different in newborns.
- Heart rate: Normal newborn heart rate is typically within a range of 110-140 beats per minute.
- Heart shape: Newborn hearts are typically oval-shaped.
- Kidney development: Kidney development includes well-developed connective tissue and functional capacity.
Newborn Blood Cells
- Lifespan of red blood cells: Newborn red blood cells have a lifespan averaging 90 days.
- Hemoglobin content: Hemoglobin content in newborns is typically between 100-140 g/L at the 1-12-month range.
- Blood morphology at birth: Hematopoietic organs develop at about 18 days after birth.
- Hematopoiesis: Hematopoiesis occurs in the liver, spleen, bone marrow etc. in newborns.
Additional Information
- Other factors: The notes also cover various other facts, such as physiological tachycardia, the absence of melanin in newborn skin, and intrauterine development (such as the occurrence of lymphopoiesis), but focus on basic physiology in newborns.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the physiological aspects of newborns, focusing on meconium passage, gastric mucosa growth, and blood composition. This quiz covers essential facts about newborns' digestive and urinary systems. Assess your understanding of normal values and developmental changes in newborns.
