Questions and Answers
What is the brain theory?
What is a model system?
What is the pathology underlying amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (Lou Gehrig’s disease)?
What are the three general parts of the brain?
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What are the four lobes of the brain?
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What are gyri and sulci?
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Why is the cortex folded?
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What is a connectome?
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What is the brain composed of?
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What are the two classes of brain cells?
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What is the function of dendrites?
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What is the function of axons?
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What are the components of the central nervous system?
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What are the components of the peripheral nervous system?
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What is the somatic nervous system?
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What is the autonomic nervous system?
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How does Irenäus Eibl-Eibesfeldt define behavior?
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What are the two behavioral patterns discussed in the lecture?
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Define mentalism.
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Define dualism.
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Define materialism.
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What are the philosophical theories of Aristotle, René Descartes, and Charles Darwin?
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What are the general functions of the forebrain, brainstem, and cerebellum?
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What is a cell assembly?
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Know the layers of the meninges and the order they appear from the skull down to the brain.
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What are the two types of stroke?
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The left hemisphere controls movements on the left side of your body.
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Where can you find cerebrospinal fluid in the brain?
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How many ventricles do you have in the brain?
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What is gray matter composed of?
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What is white matter composed of?
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How many layers are there in the neocortex?
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How many layers are in the limbic system?
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Which layers of cortex are most associated with associating information?
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Which layers serve as an output of the cortex?
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Which brain areas comprise the basal ganglia and what is the function of the basal ganglia?
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What are the symptoms of Huntington’s disease?
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What brain areas are affected in Huntington’s disease?
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Which brain areas comprise the limbic system and what is the function of the limbic system?
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What are the symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease?
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What brain area is affected by Alzheimer’s disease?
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What is the function of the amygdala?
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What are the symptoms of Kluver-Bucy syndrome?
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What brain area is affected in Kluver-Bucy syndrome?
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What are the three regions of the brainstem?
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What are the three rooms of the diencephalon and what are their general functions?
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What is the function of the lateral hypothalamus?
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What is the function of the ventromedial hypothalamus?
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What is the function of the superior colliculus?
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What is the function of the inferior colliculus?
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What brain region is damaged in Parkinson’s disease?
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What is the function of the reticular formation?
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What do afferent and efferent mean?
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What is a dermatome?
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What regions of the spinal cord are organized for sensory and motor processing?
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What is the dorsal root ganglion?
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How does the stretch reflex work?
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What are stem cells?
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What are the three brain regions of neurogenesis?
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Where do you find Purkinje cells?
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Where can you find Pyramidal cells?
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In what part of the nervous system can you find oligodendrocytes?
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In what part of the nervous system can you find Schwann cells?
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In what part of the nervous system can you find ependymal cells, and what functions do they have?
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What is the function of microglia?
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What is the function of astroglia?
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What is multiple sclerosis?
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What brain cells are damaged in multiple sclerosis?
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What is the brain principle of plasticity?
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What is the brain cell membrane made up of?
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What is a protein and what types of proteins have a role in information transfer between neurons?
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What are the steps in protein packaging and shipment?
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What is the two-step process in creating proteins?
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What were Galvani and Bernstein’s contributions to the study of the nervous system?
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What is a cation and an anion?
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What are the three factors that influence the movement of ions in and out of the cell?
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What proteins allow ions to pass through the cell membrane?
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At resting potential, where are anion proteins, K+, and Na+ ions most concentrated?
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What is the threshold potential defined by?
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What triggers an action potential?
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What is saltatory conduction?
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What is a node of Ranvier?
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What is an EPSP?
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What is an IPSP?
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What is temporal and spatial summation?
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What is EEG and what does it measure?
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Study Notes
Brain Theory and Model Systems
- Brain theory posits that brain function can be understood through its structures and pathways.
- Model systems are simplified representations used to study complex processes within the brain.
Pathology of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
- ALS, or Lou Gehrig's disease, involves motor neuron degeneration affecting voluntary muscle control.
General Parts and Structure of the Brain
- Three general parts of the brain: forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain.
- Four lobes of the brain: frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal.
- Gyri are the raised ridges on the brain's surface; sulci are the grooves that separate them.
- The cortex is folded to increase its surface area, allowing for greater processing capability.
- A connectome is a comprehensive map of neural connections in the brain.
Composition and Types of Brain Cells
- The brain is composed of gray matter (neuronal cell bodies) and white matter (myelinated axons).
- Two classes of brain cells: neurons (information carriers) and glial cells (support and maintenance).
- Dendrites receive signals; axons transmit signals to other neurons.
Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems
- Central nervous system (CNS) components: brain and spinal cord.
- Peripheral nervous system (PNS) components: all nerves outside the CNS.
- Somatic nervous system controls voluntary movements; autonomic nervous system regulates involuntary functions.
Behavioral Patterns and Philosophical Theories
- Irenäus Eibl-Eibesfeldt defines behavior as actions in response to environmental stimuli.
- Two behavioral patterns discussed: learned behaviors and fixed (inherited) behaviors.
- Mentalism emphasizes mind; dualism separates mind and body; materialism focuses on physical processes.
- Aristotle, Descartes, and Darwin contributed differing perspectives on behavior and evolution.
Brain Functionality and Cell Assemblies
- Forebrain: complex thought and motor functions; brainstem: basic life functions; cerebellum: coordination and balance.
- A cell assembly is a group of neurons that work together to generate a specific behavior or thought.
Meninges and Brain Structures
- Meninges layers from skull to brain: dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater.
- Two types of stroke: ischemic (blockage) and hemorrhagic (bleeding).
Hemispheric Control and Cerebrospinal Fluid
- The left hemisphere controls right body movements, vice versa.
- Cerebrospinal fluid circulates in ventricles within the brain and spinal cord.
Gray and White Matter, Cortex Layers
- Gray matter: neuronal cell bodies; white matter: myelinated axons.
- Neocortex consists of six layers; limbic system has three layers.
- Layers 2/3 associate information; layer 5 serves as the main output of the cortex.
Basal Ganglia and Limbic System
- Basal ganglia includes structures like the caudate nucleus and has roles in movement regulation.
- Symptoms of Huntington’s disease include uncontrollable movements; primarily affects the basal ganglia.
- Limbic system areas include hippocampus and amygdala, crucial for emotion and memory.
- Alzheimer’s symptoms include memory loss; it primarily affects the hippocampus.
Brain Regions and Functions
- Amygdala functions in emotion processing and threat assessment.
- Kluver-Bucy syndrome results in altered behaviors; affects the amygdala.
- Brainstem regions: midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata; essential for survival functions.
- Diencephalon consists of thalamus, hypothalamus, subthalamus; involved in sensory/motor processing and homeostasis.
Spinal Cord and Reflexes
- The spinal cord has dorsal (sensory) and ventral (motor) roots.
- Dorsal root ganglion contains sensory neuron cell bodies.
- The stretch reflex involves sensory input triggering immediate motor output via spinal pathways.
Neurogenesis and Brain Cells
- Stem cells are undifferentiated cells with the potential to become various cell types.
- Neurogenesis occurs in areas like the hippocampus, olfactory bulb, and striatum.
- Purkinje cells are found in the cerebellum; pyramidal cells are mainly in the cerebral cortex.
- Oligodendrocytes (CNS) and Schwann cells (PNS) produce myelin; ependymal cells line ventricles and circulate cerebrospinal fluid.
Functions of Glial Cells
- Microglia serve as immune defense in the brain; astroglia support neuronal health and function.
- Multiple sclerosis involves damage to myelin, leading to impaired nerve signal transmission.
Brain Plasticity and Cell Membranes
- Brain plasticity refers to the ability of neural circuits to change through experience; involves dendritic adaptations.
- Cell membrane structure consists of lipid bilayers with embedded proteins essential for signal transmission.
Proteins and Action Potentials
- Proteins play critical roles in neurotransmitter release and receptor function.
- Action potentials are electrical impulses triggered by threshold potential; characterized by Na+ influx and K+ efflux.
Mechanisms of Synaptic Integration
- EPSP (excitatory postsynaptic potential) increases likelihood of action potential; IPSP (inhibitory postsynaptic potential) decreases it.
- Temporal summation combines multiple signals over time; spatial summation integrates inputs from multiple sources.
Electrophysiology and Brain Structure Identification
- EEG measures electrical activity of the brain, providing insights into brain states.
- Identification of specific brain structures aids in understanding functional specialization and connectivity.
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Description
Prepare for your first exam with this comprehensive study guide focused on Chapter 1 of your neuroscience course. Dive into topics such as brain theory, brain structure, and the pathology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Understand the key components of the brain and the functions of its various cells and structures.
