Podcast
Questions and Answers
What was the focus of the information presented to the subjects regarding candidates?
What was the focus of the information presented to the subjects regarding candidates?
Which brain areas are activated when individuals encounter information contradicting their beliefs?
Which brain areas are activated when individuals encounter information contradicting their beliefs?
What distinguishes the activation of 'cold' reasoning areas from areas related to emotional investment?
What distinguishes the activation of 'cold' reasoning areas from areas related to emotional investment?
What was the outcome regarding the rating of candidates and their parties?
What was the outcome regarding the rating of candidates and their parties?
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What methodology was employed to study the effects of motivated reasoning?
What methodology was employed to study the effects of motivated reasoning?
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What is the first stage of the Dual-Process Theory of Stereotyping?
What is the first stage of the Dual-Process Theory of Stereotyping?
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What psychological aspect motivates individuals scoring low on prejudice regarding stereotypes?
What psychological aspect motivates individuals scoring low on prejudice regarding stereotypes?
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How does cognitive load impact stereotype activation according to Gilbert & Hixon's study?
How does cognitive load impact stereotype activation according to Gilbert & Hixon's study?
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In Gilbert & Hixon's study, what task was used to test stereotype activation?
In Gilbert & Hixon's study, what task was used to test stereotype activation?
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What is required for individuals to replace negative stereotypes when they are activated?
What is required for individuals to replace negative stereotypes when they are activated?
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What is the primary characteristic of System 1 decision-making?
What is the primary characteristic of System 1 decision-making?
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In court cases, defendants with baby faces are more likely to win when the case involves which type of deceit?
In court cases, defendants with baby faces are more likely to win when the case involves which type of deceit?
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What should voters rely on when making decisions about candidates?
What should voters rely on when making decisions about candidates?
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What aspect of physical appearance can influence first impressions according to Baby Face Bias?
What aspect of physical appearance can influence first impressions according to Baby Face Bias?
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What was the focus of the research conducted by Todorov et al. in relation to U.S. Senate races?
What was the focus of the research conducted by Todorov et al. in relation to U.S. Senate races?
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What was the main finding of Heider and Simmel's classic study?
What was the main finding of Heider and Simmel's classic study?
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What is the purpose of the third visual processing pathway proposed by Pitcher and Ungerleider?
What is the purpose of the third visual processing pathway proposed by Pitcher and Ungerleider?
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Which area of the brain is primarily involved in attributing mental states to others?
Which area of the brain is primarily involved in attributing mental states to others?
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Which task exemplifies the concept of Theory of Mind?
Which task exemplifies the concept of Theory of Mind?
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According to Contreras et al. (2012), what type of questions were used to assess brain activity with fMRI scans?
According to Contreras et al. (2012), what type of questions were used to assess brain activity with fMRI scans?
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Which brain area is associated with monitoring one's own mental state?
Which brain area is associated with monitoring one's own mental state?
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What aspect of social cognition is primarily studied using fMRI scans?
What aspect of social cognition is primarily studied using fMRI scans?
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What is one of the main features of the specialized pathway proposed by Pitcher and Ungerleider?
What is one of the main features of the specialized pathway proposed by Pitcher and Ungerleider?
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What does the Stereotype Content Model primarily assess?
What does the Stereotype Content Model primarily assess?
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What emotion is typically evoked by high warmth and low competence groups?
What emotion is typically evoked by high warmth and low competence groups?
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Which stereotype is associated with high competence and low warmth?
Which stereotype is associated with high competence and low warmth?
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What is schadenfreude?
What is schadenfreude?
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What effect does the Other Race Effect (ORE) describe?
What effect does the Other Race Effect (ORE) describe?
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Which of the following is a mechanism that may explain the Other Race Effect?
Which of the following is a mechanism that may explain the Other Race Effect?
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What is the emotional response associated with low warmth and low competence groups?
What is the emotional response associated with low warmth and low competence groups?
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Which muscle was activated in the study by Cikara & Fiske when subjects experienced schadenfreude?
Which muscle was activated in the study by Cikara & Fiske when subjects experienced schadenfreude?
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What factors influence how we categorize individuals as in-group or out-group members?
What factors influence how we categorize individuals as in-group or out-group members?
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In which area of the brain is more activation found when identifying faces of one's own race?
In which area of the brain is more activation found when identifying faces of one's own race?
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What was the finding of doctors with higher Implicit Association Test (IAT) scores regarding Black patients?
What was the finding of doctors with higher Implicit Association Test (IAT) scores regarding Black patients?
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In Amodio et al. (2004), what were subjects quicker to categorize when primed with a Black face?
In Amodio et al. (2004), what were subjects quicker to categorize when primed with a Black face?
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What was the main change in the task during Amodio & Swencionis' (2018) study that allowed subjects to inhibit implicit associations?
What was the main change in the task during Amodio & Swencionis' (2018) study that allowed subjects to inhibit implicit associations?
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What cognitive effect was observed in the suppress group after watching an emotional documentary, according to Inzlicht & Gutsell (2007)?
What cognitive effect was observed in the suppress group after watching an emotional documentary, according to Inzlicht & Gutsell (2007)?
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Which emotional regulation strategy involves reinterpreting a situation to be more positive?
Which emotional regulation strategy involves reinterpreting a situation to be more positive?
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What psychological phenomenon describes the tendency to seek information that supports preexisting beliefs?
What psychological phenomenon describes the tendency to seek information that supports preexisting beliefs?
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What cognitive conflict was observed in individuals confronted with information that contradicted their beliefs?
What cognitive conflict was observed in individuals confronted with information that contradicted their beliefs?
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What outcome did cognitive reappraisal have compared to expressive suppression?
What outcome did cognitive reappraisal have compared to expressive suppression?
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How does group polarization generally affect individuals’ views?
How does group polarization generally affect individuals’ views?
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What was the primary focus of Westen et al. (2006) during the study related to the presidential election?
What was the primary focus of Westen et al. (2006) during the study related to the presidential election?
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In the study by Amodio & Swencionis, what percentage of trials did Black primes predict tools?
In the study by Amodio & Swencionis, what percentage of trials did Black primes predict tools?
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What was measured during the Stroop task in Inzlicht & Gutsell's (2007) study?
What was measured during the Stroop task in Inzlicht & Gutsell's (2007) study?
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Which of the following strategies was NOT mentioned in relation to emotion regulation?
Which of the following strategies was NOT mentioned in relation to emotion regulation?
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Study Notes
Social Cognition
- Heider & Simmel (1944) study: Subjects watched shapes moving and described social motives and relationships.
- Pitcher & Ungerleider (2021) proposed a third visual processing pathway specialized for processing social information.
- Areas involved in social information processing include biological motion, facial movement, and integration of audiovisual information.
Social Wiring of the Brain
- Theory of Mind, or mentalizing, is the concept that others have mental experiences.
- Examples of Theory of Mind tasks include understanding intentions in verbal stories, visual cartoons, or picture sequences.
- These tasks activate specific Social Cognition Areas like the Temporal Parietal Junction, Posterior Superior Temporal Sulcus, and Dorsomedial Prefrontal Cortex.
Social Wiring of the Brain
- Research (Contreras et al., 2012) using fMRI scans showed brain areas more active during social knowledge tasks (e.g., Guitars and Violins; Men and Women).
- These areas more activated during social knowledge tasks included the Dorsomedial prefrontal cortex and Temporal parietal junction.
Humanization
- Epley and colleagues (2008) examined the anthropomorphism of objects and pets. This study correlated assigning human traits to positive measures of loneliness and social disconnection.
- Waytz & Epley (2012) manipulated feelings of social connection by having some subjects bring a friend and others arrive alone, concluding that humanization is an effortful process.
Social Reasoning
- Wason Card Selection Task is an example of reasoning that can be different when placed in a social context.
- Cosmides & Tooby (1992) proposed that we have evolved systems to monitor social exchanges and detect those who are not contributing to mutual benefits.
First Impressions and Physical Appearance
- Baby Face Bias: Individuals perceived as having baby faces are seen as more honest but less competent.
- Berry & Zebrowitz-McArthur (1988) simulated court cases, showing defendants with baby faces were more likely to lose in negligence cases but more likely to win in intentional deceit cases.
First Impressions
- System 1 (fast, automatic) and System 2 (slow, deliberate) described in Chapter 10 are used for decision-making.
First Impressions
- Todorov et al. (2005) research suggests that first impressions, especially of competence, were predictive of election outcomes.
- Studies indicate that nonverbal behavior, including biological motion (as seen in Point Light Walkers), is part of social processing stream, and can provide information about a person.
In-Groups and Out-Groups
- In-groups and out-groups include people similar or dissimilar to you.
- In-group identification involves feelings of solidarity.
- Self-categorization theory discusses the hierarchical system of categories people belong to.
- Different aspects of identity can be primed in different situations.
- Studies (e.g., Cuddy et al., 2007) show greater difficulty empathizing with out-group members.
- Out-groups are often perceived as more uniform than in-groups.
- Difficulty empathizing with out-groups is related to cognitive effort in simulating others' feelings; this empathy can be effortful, as shown in Cameron et al (2019.)
In-Groups and Out-Groups
- Other race effect (ORE): The ability to identify faces from your own ethnic group is often better than faces of other races.
- This is a bidirectional relationship-Northern Europeans recognize Northern Europeans better than different races, and vice-versa.
- Possible mechanisms for ORE include perceptual expertise (greater exposure to faces of people from one's own race) and motivational-attentional factors such as categorizing people as in-group/out-group and focusing attention on in-group members.
In-Group and Out-Group continued
- Perceptual expertise, greater activation in the Fusiform Face Area (FFA) for faces of one's own race.
- McKone (2019): research on childhood exposure periods for development of recognition of in-group faces.
- Attention and motivation are factors in how individuals perceive faces of in-groups and out-groups, as evidenced in Van Bavel et al.'s (2011) study using categorization tasks and assigned “teams.”
Bias Blind Spot
- Pronin et al. (2002) research shows that individuals tend to perceive their judgments as being objective, while attributing bias to others' judgments.
Stereotyping, Prejudice, and Behavior
- Stereotyping, the process of making assumptions about others.
- Implicit biases are unconscious biases often measured using the Implicit Association Test(IAT).
- Studies indicate that IAT and Implicit biases are poor predictors of discrimination.
Dual-Process Theory of Stereotyping
- Devine (1989) proposed a two-stage model: Stereotype activation (automatic) and Stereotype application (controlled).
- Gilbert & Hixon (1991) examined the effects of cognitive resources on stereotype activation.
Implicit Attitudes
- Implicit attitudes are often unconsciously held.
- Implicit Association Test (IAT) are used to measure these attitudes.
- The IAT measures the ease in mapping two concepts to the same response.
- Some research (Oswald et al., 2013) indicates that the IAT is a poor predictor of discriminatory behavior.
Emotion Regulation
- Different strategies for emotion regulation exist, including expressive suppression (which has negative cognitive effects), and cognitive reappraisal.
- Emotional regulation can be cognitively demanding, and studies investigate how cognitive load associated with specific approaches affects performance.
Motivated Reasoning and Civil Discourse
- Recent trends involve higher demonization of people with differing viewpoints.
- This has links to increased confirmation bias: seeking out information supporting pre-held beliefs.
- This can result in decreased ability to engage in civil or productive discourse.
- Studies, such as Westen et al (2006), show heightened activity in brain regions associated with emotion/pain when encountering contradictory information.
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Description
This quiz explores the concepts of social cognition and the neural mechanisms involved in understanding social information. It covers key studies from Heider & Simmel to Pitcher & Ungerleider, as well as the Theory of Mind and fMRI research findings on social knowledge tasks. Test your understanding of how the brain processes social interactions and relationships.
