Neuroscience and Stress Response Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the immediate hormonal response when a stressful event occurs?

  • The adrenal glands immediately release adrenaline, suppressing cortisol production.
  • The hypothalamus instructs the pituitary gland to release a hormone, which then causes the adrenal glands to release cortisol. (correct)
  • The pituitary gland directly releases cortisol into the bloodstream.
  • The pineal gland releases melatonin to counteract the stress response.

How does sustained stress impact mental health, according to the text?

  • Sustained stress decreases the risk of depression in adolescents and adults.
  • Sustained stress has no significant impact on long-term mental health.
  • Sustained stress leads to increased resilience and improved coping mechanisms.
  • Sustained stress increases the risk of later depression in adolescents and adults. (correct)

Which of the following is NOT a method scientists use to study the brain?

  • Analyzing astrological charts to determine brain function. (correct)
  • Stimulating various brain parts chemically.
  • Selectively lesioning tiny clusters of brain cells.
  • Investigating messages of individual neurons using optogenetics.

What is the primary purpose of selectively lesioning brain cells in brain research?

<p>To observe the effect on brain function when specific clusters of cells are destroyed. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which neuroimaging technique measures brain activity by detecting changes associated with blood flow?

<p>Functional MRI (fMRI) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following neuroimaging techniques measures electrical activity in the brain using electrodes placed on the scalp?

<p>EEG (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of cortisol, produced by the adrenal glands, during a stress response?

<p>Increase blood sugar levels and temporarily suppress the immune system. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which neuroimaging technique directly measures the magnetic fields produced by electrical activity in the brain?

<p>MEG (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which neuroimaging technique directly measures electrical activity in the brain using electrodes placed on the scalp?

<p>Electroencephalogram (EEG) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which neuroimaging method is used to assess brain structure using magnetic fields and radio waves?

<p>Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method assesses changes in blood flow to different brain regions to infer activity?

<p>Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following neuroimaging techniques involves introducing a radioactive form of glucose into the body?

<p>Positron Emission Tomography (PET) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the central idea behind neuroplasticity?

<p>The brain can reorganize itself by forming new neural connections throughout life. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do cultural neuroscientists primarily investigate?

<p>How cultural experiences can shape behavior and brain activation patterns. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which neuroimaging technique measures magnetic fields produced by the brain's electrical activity?

<p>Magnetoencephalography (MEG) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes the modern understanding of brain function?

<p>Specific brain systems serve specific functions, and information is integrated to create diverse experiences. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which brain region is primarily responsible for essential survival functions like breathing and sleeping?

<p>Hindbrain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the information, which brain region is associated with behavioral withdrawal and negative emotion, as indicated by increased activity?

<p>Right frontal lobe (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to research, what structural brain difference is commonly observed in individuals with a history of violence compared to those without?

<p>Smaller frontal lobes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the key functions of the midbrain?

<p>Transmitting information that enables seeing and hearing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which concept emphasizes the brain's capacity to adapt and reorganize itself based on experience?

<p>Neuroplasticity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the study mentioned, soldiers with PTSD showed stronger magnetic fields in which brain region when viewing trauma-related images?

<p>Visual cortex (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following functions is primarily managed by the forebrain?

<p>Managing sensory and associative functions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of nerve cell communication?

<p>Electrical and chemical signaling across small gaps. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following reflects a contribution of Franz Gall's work that remains relevant today?

<p>The concept that specific brain regions might be responsible for specific functions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a study using fMRI, individuals who viewed material related to their trauma showed heightened activity in which brain areas?

<p>Visual, memory, and fear centers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following activities is NOT primarily associated with the hindbrain?

<p>Complex problem-solving (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the 'adaptive brain' develop, according to the text?

<p>Through experiences that wire the brain. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a primary function of the amygdala?

<p>Enabling aggression, fear, and rage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is least likely to be a focus of study for a cultural neuroscientist?

<p>The universal neural pathways involved in basic sensory perception. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a person experiences damage to their midbrain, which of the following functions would MOST likely be impaired?

<p>Visual and auditory processing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which division of the brain is responsible for connecting the hindbrain and the forebrain?

<p>Midbrain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the hypothalamus play in maintaining homeostasis?

<p>It helps maintain steady internal states such as hunger, thirst, body temperature, and sexual behavior. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a main division of the vertebrate brain?

<p>Cerebellum (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The hypothalamus influences the endocrine system through its connection to which gland?

<p>Pituitary gland (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the hippocampus?

<p>Processing conscious, explicit memories of facts and events for storage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What change occurs in the hippocampus with age?

<p>It decreases in size and function, furthering cognitive decline. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the cerebral cortex?

<p>Divided into two hemispheres, each with four lobes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the reward deficiency syndrome?

<p>A genetically predisposed condition in which people derive less pleasure from reward (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function associated with the hypothalamus?

<p>Regulation of explicit memory formation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In brain-machine interface research, where were electrodes initially placed in monkeys to record signals?

<p>Motor cortex (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of machine learning technique is utilized in current clinical trials investigating cognitive neural prosthetics?

<p>Technique using implanted recording electrodes in the motor cortex. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the cerebral cortex specializes in receiving information from skin sensations and body movements?

<p>Somatosensory cortex (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the somatosensory cortex located in relation to the motor cortex?

<p>At the front of parietal lobes, parallel to and just behind the motor cortex (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which lobe of the brain houses the visual cortex?

<p>Occipital lobe (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a primary function of the auditory cortex?

<p>Receiving information from the ears (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which lobe of the brain is the auditory cortex located?

<p>Temporal lobe (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What has been achieved in follow-up experiments after initial recordings from monkeys' motor cortexes?

<p>Monkeys and humans learning to control a robot arm for grasping and delivering food (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Franz Gall's Theory

A theory that bumps on the skull indicate brain function.

Neuroplasticity

The brain's ability to reorganize and adapt based on experience or damage.

Adaptive Brain

The brain adapts and rewires itself through experiences.

Nerve Communication

Nerve cells conduct electricity and send chemical messages.

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Specific Brain Functions

Certain brain systems are responsible for distinct functions.

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Cultural Neuroscience

Study of how culture influences brain activity and behavior.

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Chemical Messages

Neurotransmitters that relay information between nerve cells.

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Reorganization After Damage

The brain's ability to rewire itself after injury.

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Hypothalamus function

Regulates body's response to stress by signaling the pituitary gland.

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Cortisol

A hormone released during stress that increases blood sugar levels.

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Adrenal glands

Glands that release hormones like cortisol in response to stress.

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Sustained stress effects

Long-term stress can lead to increased risk of depression in individuals.

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Selective lesioning

A technique to destroy specific brain cells to study impacts on function.

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Electroencephalogram (EEG)

A method to measure electrical activity in the brain.

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Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A scanning technique using magnetic fields to create detailed images of brain structures.

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Functional MRI (fMRI)

A type of MRI that measures brain activity by detecting changes associated with blood flow.

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EEG

Measures electrical activity in neurons via scalp electrodes.

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Symptoms of depression

Higher right frontal lobe activity correlates to these symptoms.

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MEG

Records magnetic fields from brain's electrical activity with a head coil.

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PTSD in soldiers

Soldiers with PTSD show stronger magnetic fields in visual cortex for trauma images.

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PET scan

Tracks brain glucose levels during tasks to observe activity in areas related to fear and reward.

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Anxiety temperament in monkeys

Monkeys with anxiety use more glucose in fear-related brain regions.

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MRI

Uses magnetic fields and radio waves to map brain structure by putting a person in a chamber.

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Violence and brain size

Individuals with violent histories often have smaller frontal lobes linked to moral judgment.

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fMRI Activation

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging detects brain activity by measuring changes in blood flow related to neural activity.

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Trauma-related Imaging

Viewing material connected to trauma activates fear, memory, and visual brain centers more than neutral stimuli.

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Hindbrain Functions

The hindbrain controls essential survival functions like breathing, sleeping, and coordination.

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Midbrain Role

The midbrain connects hindbrain and forebrain; it helps in movement coordination and sensory processing.

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Forebrain Functions

The forebrain manages complex cognitive activities, sensory functions, and voluntary motor skills.

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Vertebrate Brain Divisions

Vertebrate brains have three main divisions: hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain for different functions.

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Survival Functions

Essential functions regulated by the hindbrain include airstreams, alertness, and body balance.

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Sensory Processing

The midbrain plays a key role in enabling sensory input like seeing and hearing.

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Amygdala

Two neural clusters in the limbic system linked to emotions like aggression and fear.

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Hypothalamus

Neural structure below the thalamus that regulates homeostasis and drives like hunger and thirst.

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Homeostasis

The maintenance of a stable internal environment in the body.

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Pleasure centers

Areas in the brain associated with feelings of pleasure and reward.

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Reward deficiency syndrome

Condition where the brain's reward system is underactive, leading to risk for addiction and depression.

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Hippocampus

Neural center involved in processing explicit memories of facts and events.

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Cerebral Cortex

Outer layer of the brain divided into two hemispheres and four lobes responsible for higher brain functions.

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Frontal lobe

Region of the cerebral cortex involved in planning, decision-making, and control of actions.

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Motor Cortex

Region of the cerebral cortex involved in planning, control, and execution of voluntary movements.

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Somatosensory Cortex

Part of the cerebral cortex that processes sensory information from the body such as touch and body position.

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Visual Cortex

Area located in the occipital lobe of the brain responsible for processing visual information from the eyes.

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Auditory Cortex

Found in the temporal lobes, this cortex processes auditory information received from the ears.

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Brain-Machine Interface

Systems that allow direct communication between the brain and external devices, often using electrodes.

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Cognitive Neural Prosthetics

Devices designed to restore lost functions in individuals with paralysis or amputations by interpreting brain signals.

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Machine Learning in Neuroscience

Application of algorithms to interpret and learn from brain data, enhancing brain-computer interaction capabilities.

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Study Notes

Introduction to Psychology, Chapter 2

  • The text is about the biology of the mind, covering Modules 4-7.

Module 4: Neuronal and Hormonal Systems

  • Everything psychological is simultaneously biological.
  • Psychologists studying the biological perspective analyze the links between biology and behavior.
  • Humans are biopsychosocial systems, where biological, psychological, and social-cultural factors interact to influence behavior.
  • Understanding the relationship between the brain and mind has evolved over time.

Module 5: Tools of Discovery: Having Our Heads Examined

  • Scientists selectively lesion brain cells to observe effects on brain function.
  • Scientists electrically, chemically, or magnetically stimulate brain parts to observe effects.
  • Scientists investigate individual neuron messages using optogenetics.

Module 6: Brain Regions and Structures

  • Vertebrate brains have three main divisions:
    • Hindbrain: Contains brainstem structures for vital functions.
    • Midbrain: Connects hindbrain and forebrain, controlling some movement and transmitting sensory information.
    • Forebrain: Manages intricate cognitive activities, sensory and associative functions, and voluntary motor activities.
  • Brainstem: The central core of the brain starting where the spinal cord swells. Responsible for automatic survival functions.
    • Medulla: Located at the base of the brainstem, controls heartbeat and breathing.
    • Pons: Located above medulla, helps coordinate movement and controls sleep.
  • Thalamus: Located on top of the brainstem, directs messages to sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla.
  • Reticular formation: Includes nerve network through brainstem and thalamus, filtering information and playing a key role in controlling arousal.
  • Cerebellum: The "little brain" at the rear of the brainstem. Functions in processing sensory input, coordinating movement, and balance, enabling nonverbal learning and skill memory.
  • Limbic system: Located mostly in the forebrain. Includes structures like the hypothalamus (regulating maintenance activities), amygdala (linked to emotion and aggression), and hippocampus (involved in memory storage).

Module 7: Damage Responses and Brain Hemispheres

  • Severed brain and spinal cord neurons usually do not regenerate.

  • Some brain functions seem preassigned to specific areas.

  • Some neural tissues can reorganize after damage; this is known as neuroplasticity.

  • Neurogenesis involves producing new neurons, which may mature larger than the ones we are born with.

  • Brain damage consequences vary among people.

  • Brain's hemispheres serve distinct functions. Left hemisphere is skilled at language, while the right excels in spatial reasoning.

  • The corpus callosum connects brain hemispheres, enabling them to communicate.

  • The effects of severing the corpus callosum demonstrate distinct roles of each hemisphere.

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