Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the immediate hormonal response when a stressful event occurs?
What is the immediate hormonal response when a stressful event occurs?
- The adrenal glands immediately release adrenaline, suppressing cortisol production.
- The hypothalamus instructs the pituitary gland to release a hormone, which then causes the adrenal glands to release cortisol. (correct)
- The pituitary gland directly releases cortisol into the bloodstream.
- The pineal gland releases melatonin to counteract the stress response.
How does sustained stress impact mental health, according to the text?
How does sustained stress impact mental health, according to the text?
- Sustained stress decreases the risk of depression in adolescents and adults.
- Sustained stress has no significant impact on long-term mental health.
- Sustained stress leads to increased resilience and improved coping mechanisms.
- Sustained stress increases the risk of later depression in adolescents and adults. (correct)
Which of the following is NOT a method scientists use to study the brain?
Which of the following is NOT a method scientists use to study the brain?
- Analyzing astrological charts to determine brain function. (correct)
- Stimulating various brain parts chemically.
- Selectively lesioning tiny clusters of brain cells.
- Investigating messages of individual neurons using optogenetics.
What is the primary purpose of selectively lesioning brain cells in brain research?
What is the primary purpose of selectively lesioning brain cells in brain research?
Which neuroimaging technique measures brain activity by detecting changes associated with blood flow?
Which neuroimaging technique measures brain activity by detecting changes associated with blood flow?
Which of the following neuroimaging techniques measures electrical activity in the brain using electrodes placed on the scalp?
Which of the following neuroimaging techniques measures electrical activity in the brain using electrodes placed on the scalp?
What is the role of cortisol, produced by the adrenal glands, during a stress response?
What is the role of cortisol, produced by the adrenal glands, during a stress response?
Which neuroimaging technique directly measures the magnetic fields produced by electrical activity in the brain?
Which neuroimaging technique directly measures the magnetic fields produced by electrical activity in the brain?
Which neuroimaging technique directly measures electrical activity in the brain using electrodes placed on the scalp?
Which neuroimaging technique directly measures electrical activity in the brain using electrodes placed on the scalp?
Which neuroimaging method is used to assess brain structure using magnetic fields and radio waves?
Which neuroimaging method is used to assess brain structure using magnetic fields and radio waves?
Which method assesses changes in blood flow to different brain regions to infer activity?
Which method assesses changes in blood flow to different brain regions to infer activity?
Which of the following neuroimaging techniques involves introducing a radioactive form of glucose into the body?
Which of the following neuroimaging techniques involves introducing a radioactive form of glucose into the body?
What is the central idea behind neuroplasticity?
What is the central idea behind neuroplasticity?
What do cultural neuroscientists primarily investigate?
What do cultural neuroscientists primarily investigate?
Which neuroimaging technique measures magnetic fields produced by the brain's electrical activity?
Which neuroimaging technique measures magnetic fields produced by the brain's electrical activity?
Which of the following statements best describes the modern understanding of brain function?
Which of the following statements best describes the modern understanding of brain function?
Which brain region is primarily responsible for essential survival functions like breathing and sleeping?
Which brain region is primarily responsible for essential survival functions like breathing and sleeping?
Based on the information, which brain region is associated with behavioral withdrawal and negative emotion, as indicated by increased activity?
Based on the information, which brain region is associated with behavioral withdrawal and negative emotion, as indicated by increased activity?
According to research, what structural brain difference is commonly observed in individuals with a history of violence compared to those without?
According to research, what structural brain difference is commonly observed in individuals with a history of violence compared to those without?
What is one of the key functions of the midbrain?
What is one of the key functions of the midbrain?
Which concept emphasizes the brain's capacity to adapt and reorganize itself based on experience?
Which concept emphasizes the brain's capacity to adapt and reorganize itself based on experience?
In the study mentioned, soldiers with PTSD showed stronger magnetic fields in which brain region when viewing trauma-related images?
In the study mentioned, soldiers with PTSD showed stronger magnetic fields in which brain region when viewing trauma-related images?
Which of the following functions is primarily managed by the forebrain?
Which of the following functions is primarily managed by the forebrain?
What is a key characteristic of nerve cell communication?
What is a key characteristic of nerve cell communication?
Which of the following reflects a contribution of Franz Gall's work that remains relevant today?
Which of the following reflects a contribution of Franz Gall's work that remains relevant today?
In a study using fMRI, individuals who viewed material related to their trauma showed heightened activity in which brain areas?
In a study using fMRI, individuals who viewed material related to their trauma showed heightened activity in which brain areas?
Which of the following activities is NOT primarily associated with the hindbrain?
Which of the following activities is NOT primarily associated with the hindbrain?
How does the 'adaptive brain' develop, according to the text?
How does the 'adaptive brain' develop, according to the text?
Which of the following is a primary function of the amygdala?
Which of the following is a primary function of the amygdala?
Which of the following is least likely to be a focus of study for a cultural neuroscientist?
Which of the following is least likely to be a focus of study for a cultural neuroscientist?
If a person experiences damage to their midbrain, which of the following functions would MOST likely be impaired?
If a person experiences damage to their midbrain, which of the following functions would MOST likely be impaired?
Which division of the brain is responsible for connecting the hindbrain and the forebrain?
Which division of the brain is responsible for connecting the hindbrain and the forebrain?
What role does the hypothalamus play in maintaining homeostasis?
What role does the hypothalamus play in maintaining homeostasis?
Which of the following is NOT a main division of the vertebrate brain?
Which of the following is NOT a main division of the vertebrate brain?
The hypothalamus influences the endocrine system through its connection to which gland?
The hypothalamus influences the endocrine system through its connection to which gland?
What is the primary function of the hippocampus?
What is the primary function of the hippocampus?
What change occurs in the hippocampus with age?
What change occurs in the hippocampus with age?
Which of the following describes the cerebral cortex?
Which of the following describes the cerebral cortex?
What is the reward deficiency syndrome?
What is the reward deficiency syndrome?
Which of the following is NOT a function associated with the hypothalamus?
Which of the following is NOT a function associated with the hypothalamus?
In brain-machine interface research, where were electrodes initially placed in monkeys to record signals?
In brain-machine interface research, where were electrodes initially placed in monkeys to record signals?
What type of machine learning technique is utilized in current clinical trials investigating cognitive neural prosthetics?
What type of machine learning technique is utilized in current clinical trials investigating cognitive neural prosthetics?
Which part of the cerebral cortex specializes in receiving information from skin sensations and body movements?
Which part of the cerebral cortex specializes in receiving information from skin sensations and body movements?
Where is the somatosensory cortex located in relation to the motor cortex?
Where is the somatosensory cortex located in relation to the motor cortex?
Which lobe of the brain houses the visual cortex?
Which lobe of the brain houses the visual cortex?
Which of the following is a primary function of the auditory cortex?
Which of the following is a primary function of the auditory cortex?
In which lobe of the brain is the auditory cortex located?
In which lobe of the brain is the auditory cortex located?
What has been achieved in follow-up experiments after initial recordings from monkeys' motor cortexes?
What has been achieved in follow-up experiments after initial recordings from monkeys' motor cortexes?
Flashcards
Franz Gall's Theory
Franz Gall's Theory
A theory that bumps on the skull indicate brain function.
Neuroplasticity
Neuroplasticity
The brain's ability to reorganize and adapt based on experience or damage.
Adaptive Brain
Adaptive Brain
The brain adapts and rewires itself through experiences.
Nerve Communication
Nerve Communication
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Specific Brain Functions
Specific Brain Functions
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Cultural Neuroscience
Cultural Neuroscience
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Chemical Messages
Chemical Messages
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Reorganization After Damage
Reorganization After Damage
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Hypothalamus function
Hypothalamus function
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Cortisol
Cortisol
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Adrenal glands
Adrenal glands
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Sustained stress effects
Sustained stress effects
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Selective lesioning
Selective lesioning
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Electroencephalogram (EEG)
Electroencephalogram (EEG)
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Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
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Functional MRI (fMRI)
Functional MRI (fMRI)
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EEG
EEG
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Symptoms of depression
Symptoms of depression
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MEG
MEG
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PTSD in soldiers
PTSD in soldiers
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PET scan
PET scan
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Anxiety temperament in monkeys
Anxiety temperament in monkeys
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MRI
MRI
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Violence and brain size
Violence and brain size
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fMRI Activation
fMRI Activation
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Trauma-related Imaging
Trauma-related Imaging
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Hindbrain Functions
Hindbrain Functions
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Midbrain Role
Midbrain Role
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Forebrain Functions
Forebrain Functions
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Vertebrate Brain Divisions
Vertebrate Brain Divisions
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Survival Functions
Survival Functions
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Sensory Processing
Sensory Processing
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Amygdala
Amygdala
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Hypothalamus
Hypothalamus
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Homeostasis
Homeostasis
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Pleasure centers
Pleasure centers
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Reward deficiency syndrome
Reward deficiency syndrome
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Hippocampus
Hippocampus
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Cerebral Cortex
Cerebral Cortex
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Frontal lobe
Frontal lobe
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Motor Cortex
Motor Cortex
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Somatosensory Cortex
Somatosensory Cortex
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Visual Cortex
Visual Cortex
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Auditory Cortex
Auditory Cortex
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Brain-Machine Interface
Brain-Machine Interface
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Cognitive Neural Prosthetics
Cognitive Neural Prosthetics
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Machine Learning in Neuroscience
Machine Learning in Neuroscience
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Study Notes
Introduction to Psychology, Chapter 2
- The text is about the biology of the mind, covering Modules 4-7.
Module 4: Neuronal and Hormonal Systems
- Everything psychological is simultaneously biological.
- Psychologists studying the biological perspective analyze the links between biology and behavior.
- Humans are biopsychosocial systems, where biological, psychological, and social-cultural factors interact to influence behavior.
- Understanding the relationship between the brain and mind has evolved over time.
Module 5: Tools of Discovery: Having Our Heads Examined
- Scientists selectively lesion brain cells to observe effects on brain function.
- Scientists electrically, chemically, or magnetically stimulate brain parts to observe effects.
- Scientists investigate individual neuron messages using optogenetics.
Module 6: Brain Regions and Structures
- Vertebrate brains have three main divisions:
- Hindbrain: Contains brainstem structures for vital functions.
- Midbrain: Connects hindbrain and forebrain, controlling some movement and transmitting sensory information.
- Forebrain: Manages intricate cognitive activities, sensory and associative functions, and voluntary motor activities.
- Brainstem: The central core of the brain starting where the spinal cord swells. Responsible for automatic survival functions.
- Medulla: Located at the base of the brainstem, controls heartbeat and breathing.
- Pons: Located above medulla, helps coordinate movement and controls sleep.
- Thalamus: Located on top of the brainstem, directs messages to sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla.
- Reticular formation: Includes nerve network through brainstem and thalamus, filtering information and playing a key role in controlling arousal.
- Cerebellum: The "little brain" at the rear of the brainstem. Functions in processing sensory input, coordinating movement, and balance, enabling nonverbal learning and skill memory.
- Limbic system: Located mostly in the forebrain. Includes structures like the hypothalamus (regulating maintenance activities), amygdala (linked to emotion and aggression), and hippocampus (involved in memory storage).
Module 7: Damage Responses and Brain Hemispheres
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Severed brain and spinal cord neurons usually do not regenerate.
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Some brain functions seem preassigned to specific areas.
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Some neural tissues can reorganize after damage; this is known as neuroplasticity.
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Neurogenesis involves producing new neurons, which may mature larger than the ones we are born with.
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Brain damage consequences vary among people.
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Brain's hemispheres serve distinct functions. Left hemisphere is skilled at language, while the right excels in spatial reasoning.
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The corpus callosum connects brain hemispheres, enabling them to communicate.
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The effects of severing the corpus callosum demonstrate distinct roles of each hemisphere.
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